Welcome

IDENTIFYING
MINERALS USING
THEIR PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES

Presented By
LOZADA RAVEN
VISTA FEBRIENNE
 learning objectives

Our First Goal Our second Goal Our Third Goal

Recognize the importance
Enumerate the of identifying common
Identify common rock-
characteristics of a rock-forming minerals
forming minerals using
material to be using their physical and
their physical and
considered a mineral chemical properties.
chemical properties
 MINERALS
There are a lot of common minerals that you'll
• They make up Earth's solid part and
probably encounter everyday. Here are some of
provide us valuable resources.
them
Scientists have identified over 4,000
different minerals
• A small group of these minerals
make up almost 90% of the rocks of
Snowflakes
Earth's crust which are known as the graphite (pencil) it is considered as
halite (salt)for
common rock-forming minerals. for writing mineral as it possess the
cooking properties of a mineral
Common rock-forming
minerals To be considered a common rock-forming
mineral, a mineral must be:

One of the most abundant minerals

in Earth's crust

One of the original minerals present at the

time of a crustal rock's formation

An important mineral in determining

classification of a rock
common rock-forming minerals

• amphiboles
• plagioclase
• micas
feldspars
• clays
• alkali feldspars
• olivine
• quartz
• calcite
• pyroxenes
• dolomite
 Rock-forming
minerals in major
rock types
 mineralogy
The study of minerals and their properties (chemical and
physical)

Mineralogy is a subject of geology • Mineral origin and

formation
specializing in the scientific study of the
• Classification of
chemistry, crystal structure, and physical
minerals
(including optical) properties of minerals
• Geographical
and mineralized articrafts. distribution
• Utilization
 mineralogist
A scientist trained in mineralogy or a
person who studies minerals.

Mineralogist determine the physical and

chemical properties of minerals, how to
effieciently retrieve them from ores and
how to process them.
PHYsical and chemical
properties of minerals
physical properties OF MINERALS
ARE the characteristics which can be observed and
determined easily

color luster

cleavage or fracture
crystal form/habit

hardness specific gravity

streak Other properties (taste,

odor)
physical properties OF MINERALS

color
IT IS THE MOST OBVIOUS PROPERTY but not always definitive.

it can also tell the impurities present in a mineral.

it is reliable for opaque and mettalic minerals but not on transparent or

translucent minerals

galena pyrite amethyst quartz

physical properties OF MINERALS

luster
it is the quality and intensity of reflected light exhibited by
the mineral.

a. metallic luster - generally opaque and exhibit a resplendent

shine similar to polished metal.

b. non-metallic luster - vitreous (glassy), adamantine

(brilliant/diamond-like), resinous, silky, pearly, dull, (earthy), greasy,
among others
physical properties OF MINERALS

streak
it refers to the color displayed in finely powdered form left behind
when rubbed on a rough surface.
it is definitive
physical properties OF MINERALS

hardness
it is a measure of the resistance of a mineral (not
specifically surface) to abrasion.

it is measured using a hardness scale designed in

1892 by friedrich mohs, a german geologist/
mineralogist which is known as the mohs scale of
hardness
physical properties OF MINERALS

hardness
mohs scale of hardness

it measures the scratch resistance of

various minerals from a scale of 1 to 10,
based on the ability of a harder
material/mineral to scratch a softer one.
physical properties OF MINERALS

cleavage or fracture
Cleavage
is how smoothly the minerals break. If the
minerals break apart in similar pieces it is said
to have good cleavage.
FRACTURE
is when a mineral breaks like a piece of glass
with uneven, jagged edges.
physical properties OF MINERALS

cleavage or fracture
types of cleavage
 physical properties OF MINERALS

crystal form or habit

it is a set of crystal faces that are related to each other by symmetry.
physical properties OF MINERALS

specific gravity
it is the ratio of the density of the
mineral and the density of water

this parameter indicates how many

times more the mineral weighs
compared to an equal amount of water
physical properties OF MINERALS

Other properties

Magnetism
(ex: magnetite is strongly
reaction to acid
(ex: calcite fizzes with
magnetic) acid as with dolomite
odor
(ex: sulfur has distinctive
but in powdered form)

smell)
taste density
(ex: gold's density is much greater
(ex: halite is salty)
than mica's)
minerals

chemical compositions
eight most abundant elements in earth's crust:

oxygen calcium

silicon sodium

aluminum potassium

iron magnesium
minerals

chemical compositions

1.silicate minerals
The most abundant group of minerals. It contains oxygen and
silicon atoms. All silicates have the same fundamental building
blocks, the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron.

Quartz consists of one part silicon and two parts oxygen. Talc is
composed of hydrated magnesium silicate. Therefore Quartz and
Talc are under the silicate minerals.
minerals

chemical compositions

2. non-silicate minerals
• Make up only 5% of Earth's crust.

• Does not contain silica-oxygen tetrahedral.

• They may contain oxygen, but not in combination with

silicon.
minerals

chemical compositions
the non-silicate minerals group
chemical compositions

non-silicate group
1.carbonates
The carbon atoms join with oxygen to form the carbonate ion, CO3. these ions combine
with metal cations to form carbonate minerals. These minerals are commonly formed in
sedimentary and oxidizing environments. The carbonates are divided into three groups. The
Calcite group , The Dolomite group, and the Aragonite group.

2. oxides
The oxide mineral class includes those minerals in which the oxide anion is bonded to one
or more metal alloys
common oxide minerals formula
Magnetite or Magnetic iron Ore Fe3O4
Corundum Al2O3
Red Zinc ZnO
chemical compositions

non-silicate group
3. halideS
The halides minerals include those in which the halogen elements of chlorine, bromine,
fluorine, and iodine are combined with one or more metals. The characteristics of Halides
are poor conductor of heat and electricity, transparent, have good cleavage, how hardness
and have low specific gravities.

common halide minerals formula

Fluorite CaF2
Halite NaCl
Atacamite Cu2Cl(OH)3
Cryolite Na3AlF6
chemical compositions

non-silicate group
4. sulfides

The sulfides form an important group of minerals which includes the majority of the ore
minerals for iron, copper, nickel, lead, cobalt, zinc, and silver

common sulfide minerals formula

Iron Pyrites or Pyrite FeS2
Galena PbS
Copper Pyrites or Chalcopyrite CuFeS2
chemical compositions

non-silicate group
5. Sulfate

Sulfates are made of compounds of sulfur combined with metals and oxygen and any
naturally occuring salt of sulfuric acid.

common sulfates minerals formula

Gypsum CaSO4 ⋅ 2H2O
Anhydrite CaSO4
Barite BaSO4
chemical compositions

non-silicate group
6. phosphate
Phosphate mineral, any of a group of naturally occuring inorganic salts of phosphoric acid,
H3(PO4)
common Phosphate minerals formula
Triphylite Li(Fe,Mn)PO4
Monalize, rare earth metals (La, Y, Nd, Sm, Gd, Ce, Th)PO4

Hinsdalite PbAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6

7. Native element minerals

Native elements minerals are those naturally occuring minerals. It includes metal, non-
metal, semi metal elements and metallic alloy minerals. Gold is a metal nature elements and
Diamond is a non-metal native element.
 MINERALS
5 Requirements that must be met in order for a substance to be classified as a mineral

Naturally occuring ordered crystal structure

• It is NOT man-made or machine generated

inorganic • Atoms in a mineral are arranged

in a systematic and repeating
• It is NOT a by-product of living things
pattern
solid
• It is NOT liquid or gas at standard temperature and
pressure.

definite chemical composition

• It means that all occurences of that mineral have a chemical
composition identical with a specific limited range.
Thank you!
ALL BOUT MINERALs
 3. WRITE Your own
description about minerals