Do Now 4 January

Welcome back! It’s good to see you all again (virtually…)

Today we are starting a new unit in Chemistry. For today’s Do Now, I want you
to think about what you already know about this topic.

Share some information you already know about matter and atoms!
C3 - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
iGCSE Coordinated Chemistry
Chemical and Physical Changes
Burning paper is a type of chemical change, melting ice is a
physical change. Based on these examples, fill in the text with
the words from the bank below.
substances
1. Chemical
Chemical changes
changes
involve
involve
newnewproducts
______ made
made andand
reactants
reactantsdissappear.
_______.
energy Besides,
In addition,
thesethese
are usually
are usually
irreversible.
_______.
irreversible
Physical
2. Physical
changes
changes
do not
do not
involve
involve
newnew
substances,
________,
products butbut
energy
______
statestate
changes
changes
happen.
happen.
Examples
Examples
are melting
are _______
or
melting
evaporating.
or evaporating.
These are
These
usually
are usually
reversible.
_______.
reversible

BothBoth
3. changes
changesinvolve
involve
breaking
_______
formingandand
forming
______newnew
breaking bonds.
bonds.
disappear / substances / forming / products / irreversible
reversible / energy / melting / breaking
Chemical and Physical Changes
Chemical change or physical change?
Chemical change or physical change?
Chemical change or physical change?
Chemical change or physical change?
 Protons, Neutrons and Electrons
• Fill in the following table about particles found in the atom

Particle Mass (amu) Charge Location

Proton 1 +1 Nucleus hạt nhân nguyên tử

Neutron 1 0 (no charge) Nucleus

Outside the
Electron 0 -1 nucleus
(orbitals/shells)
 số khối = proton + notron
số nguyên tử or số proton

Atomic Number and Mass Number

Complete the table with information about the atomic
number (Z), mass number (A), and amount of protons,
neutrons and electrons.

Symbol Element Z A p+ no e-

Ca Calcium 20 40 20 20 20

Fe Iron 26 56 26 30 26

Br Bromine 35 80 35 45 35
 Hi! Welcome back, nice to see you again =)
It is hard to learn names with masks, so please make a name card with the
following:

1. The name you prefer to be called in class

2. A drawing of your favorite science topic

3. A drawing of your favorite food OR your favorite kind of animal

 Do Now 5 January
1. Oxygen is atomic number 8 and has a mass number of 16.
a) How many protons does oxygen have?
p=e=Z
b) How many neutrons does oxygen have?
c) How many electrons does oxygen have?

2. Phosphorus has 15 protons, 16 neutrons, and 15 electrons.

a) What is the atomic number of phosphorus?
b) What is the mass of an atom of phosphorus?
 Electronic Configuration
✓ Electrons are filled
in order
✓ We use the Z
✓ Start at 1st shell
✓ Stable atoms have
outer shell complete
✓ E.C.N. (electronic
configuration
number) in the
format of 1s,2s,3s
Example: 11Na22 (sodium)

2,8,1
1. How many protons does
an atom of helium
contain?

2. How many electrons does

an atom of helium
contain?

3. What is the electronic

configuration of helium?
1. How many protons does an
atom of chlorine contain?

2. How many electrons does

an atom of chlorine
contain?

3. What is the electronic

configuration of chlorine?
ATOMS REVIEW QUIZIZZ
Pure Substances, Compounds and Mixtures
➢ Pure substances: made of
same particles of a single
element. phần tử

➢ Compounds: made of same

particles of various
elements.

➢ Mixtures: made of different

particles/substances.
a) b) c) d)

e) f) g) h) i)
Do Now 6 January

D
ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS,
AND MIXTURES
Help from Professor Dave
 Metals and Non-Metals
State which from the following characteristics belong to metals or non-metals

Conduct heat Form acidic Malleable and

Lustrous (shiny)
and electricity oxides ductile
High density
Form anions Low density and
and melting Dull looking
(negative ions) melting point
point
Do not conduct
Form cations Brittle when
Basic oxides electricity or
(positive ions) solid
heat
 The Periodic Table
Elements Row = period
ordered by Column = group
increasing Z

Elements of
Elements of
same group
same period
have same
Elements of have same
electrons in
same group amount of
outer shell
have similar electron shells
(valence
electrons) chemical
properties
 Homework - Periodic Table Art Project =)

On your periodic table, you need:

1. A different color for each category (alkali metals, transition

metals, etc)

2. Identify where the groups and periods can be found.

EXPLORING
THE PERIODIC
TABLE
 Ca = 1
Al = 2
Si = 2
O=9
14
Isotopes đồng vị

These three atoms belong to the same

element but are different isotopes.

Give a definition of isotopes. (3)

✓ Isotopes are atoms/elements

✓ with the same atomic number
(Z)/amount of protons
✓ but different mass number
(A)/amount of neutrons.
 Một hạt nhân phóng xạ (hoặc đồng vị phóng xạ) là một nguyên tử có
năng lượng hạt nhân dư thừa, làm cho nó không ổn định.

Radioactive Isotopes

✓ These isotopes are unstable

Hạt nhân nguyên tử nguyên tử
✓ Their nucleus breaks down into smaller atoms

✓ These isotopes release a lot of energy

✓ Radioactive isotopes include C14 or U238

✓ Uses: medicine, industry, carbon dating…

WEEK 2 – BONDING
AND CHEMICAL
FORMULAS
 Ions (cations and anions)

Atoms tend to complete

their outer shells.

To do so, metals tend to

lose electrons whereas
non-metals tend to gain
electrons.

Sodium is a metal. Oxygen is a non- Lithium is a metal. How many e- would Na, O
It loses 1 e- to have metal. It loses 1 e- to have and Li lose/gain?
its 2nd shell full. It gains 2 e- to have its 1st shell full.
its 2nd shell full.
Not only humans and other
animals bond.
Atoms bond too to become
energetically more stable.
 Types of bonding
➢ Ionic bonding: between metals and non-metals (or cations and anions)

➢ Covalent bonding: only between non-metals (or anions)

➢ Metallic bonding: only between metals (or cations)

 Sodium
loses 1 e-…
Ionic bonding Sodium became a cation.
Chorine became an anion.

…that
chlorine Both atoms now
takes. have full outer
shells!
Draw the ionic bonding diagram of calcium oxide (CaO) and calcium fluoride (CaF2).
✓ Remember to draw electronic diagrams
✓ Find out if atoms gain/lose electrons
✓ Link electrons from cations to anions
 Ionic substances: structure and properties

❖ Bonds between atoms are very strong.

❖ This makes melting and boiling point

very high.

❖ As a result, ionic substances are solid at

room temperature.

❖ Hard substances but also brittle.

❖ These conduct electricity only when they

Ionic substances make lattices: 3D structures where show free electrons: molten or in
atoms are fixed and perfectly organized.
aqueous solutions.
✓ Potassium loses one electron (1) ✓ Potassium iodide is an
✓ Iodine gains one electron (1) ionic substance (1)
✓ Potassium transfers one electron to iodine (2) ✓ With very strong
bonds between
atoms/ions (1)
✓ Which are hard to
break (1)

✓ Potassium iodide forms a lattice

✓ Made with cations and anions perfectly
organized
 Electrons are Covalent bonding
not given away Single atoms are
but shared put in the middle

H2 Cl2 H2O
Atoms will have
their outer shell
complete
CH4 NH3
Double and triple covalent bonding
N2
C2H4 (Ethene)
CO2
Molecular covalent substances: structure and properties

❖ Molecular covalent substances show weak

intermolecular forces…

❖ …so these substances have low melting and

boiling point.

❖ As a result, these are liquid or gas at room

temperature.

❖ They don’t have free electrons, so they don’t

pass electricity.
 Giant covalent structures

Some substances are covalent

as they are made of non-metals
but show different structures:

✓ Lattices
✓ Huge molecules

Diamond and graphite are

Both diamond and graphite are made of carbon.
allotropes. These are covalent substances.
 Carbon allotropes
To how many
Allotropes are compounds that although they have the same
atoms iscomposition,
each C
their structures are different. linked to in
As a result, they also show different properties. diamond,
graphite and
fullerene?
 Carbon allotropes
Millions of In C60 fullerene,
In Diamond,
atoms make up C atoms are
C atoms are
these structures linked 1:3
linked 1:4

How many free e-

do diamond
carbon atoms
have? And in
In graphite, graphite?
C atoms are
linked 1:3
 Properties of giant covalent substances

❖ These substances are made of millions of atoms…

❖ …so the addition of all their forces make them hard.

❖ For the same reason, they show high melting and boiling points.

❖ Diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide show some differences between

them – we will now go through them!
 Diamond

✓ Each C atom is linked to another 4

atoms, making tetrahedrons.
✓ No free electrons orbiting around –
they don’t conduct electricity.
✓ So many strong covalent bonds make
them the hardest substance in the
world.
✓ Also shows high density (3.53 g/cm3)
and melting point (>4000°C).
✓ Used as cutting tools as well as in
jewellery.
 Graphite

✓ Each C atom is linked to another 3 atoms, leaving 1

electron free.
✓ Because of this, graphite can partially conduct
electricity.
✓ Not as hard as diamond (density of 2.25 g/cm3, m.p. of
3600 °C)
✓ They are organized in hexagonal-shaped layers:
➢ Covalent bonds inside the layer are really strong
➢ Intermolecular forces between layers are weak
➢ As a consequence of this, layers can slide over each other
making graphite slippery and smooth.
➢ Graphite is used as lubricant, as pencil lead and as
electrodes.
 Silicon dioxide

✓ Each Si atom is linked to… 4 atoms of oxygen

✓ Each O atom is linked to… 2 atoms of silicon
0 free electrons per Si atom.
✓ There are …
✓ Thus, electricity … be conducted.
✓ Because thereno … intermolecular forces,
very hard
this substance is …
✓ Silicon dioxide is very cheap because of
its abundant presence in quartz and
sand.
Delocalized electrons = free electrons
 THANK YOU

Vietnam Australia International School