Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
AMBO, ETHIOPIA
By:
Sisay Bekele(MSc)
2013
OUTLINE
1.Introduction to the principles of operation
of jet propulsion engines
1.1. Introduction
1.2. principles
Near the end of World War II, Allied pilots were startled by a new
air at a speed of more than 500 miles (800 kilometers) per hour.
This amazing airplane was a jet-propelled Messerschmitt Me-262.
Today jet fighters fly through the stratosphere more swiftly than
sound.
Jet airliners fly higher, faster, and farther than ever before.
Jet propulsion speeds missiles to their targets.
In addition, rockets boost Earth satellites into orbit.
Although most uses of jet propulsion have been for flight, it can also be
applied to hydraulic jet propulsion for small, high-speed boats and pleasure
craft.
In such applications water is taken in at the forward end of the boat,
driven vessels.
Jet propulsion is the driving forward of a body by means of a jet of
gas or fluid.
The idea dates back to the 1st century AD when Hero of
could spin.
Steam entered the globe through the pipes.
As it escaped through the bent tubes, the jets of steam spun the
globe.
Hero's machine illustrates a scientific principle that Sir Isaac
As the steam escaped from the nozzle, it propelled the wagon
forward.
1.2 Principle
There are many everyday examples of jet propulsion.
A blown-up toy balloon with its neck closed shows no tendency to
propels it forward.
In fact, a jet would operate more efficiently in a vacuum because
velocity.
The rifle in response to the force of the gases "kicks back."
Another example of jet action is the garden hose whose nozzle
1.3 Types
There are two general types of jet propulsion air-breathing and nonair-
breathing engines.
Air-breathing engines use oxygen from the atmosphere in the combustion
of fuel.
They include the turbojet, turboprop, ramjet, and pulse-jet.
The term jet is generally used only in reference to air-breathing engines.
Nonair-breathing engines carry an oxygen supply.
They can be used both in the atmosphere and in outer space.
They are commonly called rockets and are of two kinds liquid-propellant
and solid-propellant.
Air-breathing engines may be further divided into two groups,
1.Turbojet engines.
The most widely used air-breathing engine is the turbojet.
After the air is drawn into the engine through an inlet, its pressure
The air then enters the combustion chamber, where it is burned with fuel
costly.
Today almost all airborne jet engines utilize axial-flow
compressors.
In these devices the air flows generally in one direction along the
stator blades.
Centrifugal compressors, which were used in early aircraft jet
that add to the drag of the engine assembly now limit the use of
applications.
When the air in a turbojet engine leaves the compressor and enters
stresses there.
Among those under study are combinations of metals and
and heavy, and so the shorter nozzles that are used cause small
proportional to the mass flow rate of air through the engine and
cooling.
The specific fuel consumption (unit of thrust produced per unit of
the nozzle) velocity is about twice the flight velocity of the aircraft.
As the thrust is increased by raising the turbine inlet
temperatures, the turbine exit velocity also increases and the jet
500 to 550 miles (800 to 880 kilometers) per hour for most
commercial airliners.
For takeoff from a high-altitude airport on a hot summer day, the
lower air density results in a lower mass flow rate of air through
This increases the thrust by cooling the air and thereby increasing
both its density and the mass that can be passed for a given air
velocity.
Water injection can be used for emergency takeoff thrust, but the
result in a jet velocity that would be too high for effective in-flight
performance.
Most modern aircraft jets now employ a turbofan, in which much
around the engine core for mixing with the turbine exhaust gases,
through the engine core, and even higher bypass ratios are
inlet temperatures.
In most commercial aircraft engines, the initial compression for
neighborhood of airports.
There is both a high-frequency noise, or whine, emanating from
It closes over the jet exit nozzle to deflect the flow outward and
on the ground.
The most serious problem a jet plane can encounter is the
failure.
All engines must be designed with a casing strong enough to
down.
All multi-engine planes can land safely on one engine so that there
main turbine.
Since turbine speeds are much higher than propeller speed, a
and at air speeds from 300 to 400 miles (480 to 640 kilometers) per
hour.
They cannot compete with turbojets for very large planes or at
higher speeds.
Ramjet engines.
The air into which an engine rushes at high flight speeds is
per hour, but they become practical only at very high speeds,
section.
In a pulse-jet the combustion is intermittent or pulsing rather than
continuous as in a ramjet.
Air is admitted through the valves, and combustion begins.
"buzz bomb," which was used near the end of World War II and
Rocket engines carry both fuel and oxidizer on board, and they are
outer space.
Rockets are usually classified by the type of fuel burned; solid-
ignition.
The burning generates a large volume of high-pressure gas in the
combustion section.
This gas is then expanded into a high-velocity jet as it leaves the
exhaust nozzle
The burning rate is controlled by shaping the solid fuel in such a
rate.
The control of the thrust, however, is limited, making solid-
space rockets.
Better control can be obtained in liquid-propellant rockets.
In these, both fuel and oxidizer are stored in separate tanks and
combustion chamber.
There they are atomized, mixed, and burned.
space programs.
History
a jet engine, and in 1937 such an engine was successfully tested and
exhaust jet.
In 1941 the British flew their first jet airplane, the Gloster E28/39,
powered Bell X-1 became the first airplane to fly faster than
sound.
The next year Britain flew its first supersonic plane, the De
Havilland DH-108.
In 1959 the American F-106, built by Convair, flew at more than
1954.
In the United States the first jet plane to be commercially tested in
1954 was the Boeing 707, which began regular airliner service in
1958.
Since then numerous jet liners, both large and small, have been
developed, and today the major portion of all commercial air fleets
service in 1976. Flying at 2.5 times the speed of sound, the plane
commercial success.
While the original Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 planes utilized
have allowed the use of fewer engines. The Lockheed L-1011 and
service in 1976.
Flying at 2.5 times the speed of sound, the plane seats only about
100 passengers.
Because of its high fuel consumption and low seating capacity, it
three-engine planes with two engines under the wing and one
built by several European firms, and the Boeing 767 have been
has become one of the most widely used aircraft in the free world.
THE END!