Chapter 05

Lecture Outline
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 Chapter 5
Tissues

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5.1 Introduction

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A. Similar cells are arranged in tissues that provide
specific functions for the body.
B. Cells of different tissues are structured differently,
which leads to their differences in function.
C. The tissues of the human body include four major
types
1. Epithelial tissue – forms protective coverings and
functions in secretion and absorption
2. Connective tissue – supports and binds structures
together
3. Muscular tissue – body movement
4. Nervous tissue – conducts impulses to control
and coordinate body activities
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 Table 5.1 5
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5.2 Epithelial Tissues

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A. General Characteristics
1. Epithelial tissue is widespread throughout the
body; it covers organs and lines body cavities
and hollow organs.
2. Epithelial tissues are anchored to a basement
membrane, are made up of tightly packed cells
containing little intercellular material, generally
lack blood vessels, and readily divide.
3. Epithelial tissue always has a free (apical)
surface exposed to the outside or internally to
an open space.

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4. Epithelial tissues function in protection,
secretion, absorption, and excretion.
5. Classification is by cell shape and the number
of cell layers
a. Shapes – squamous, cuboidal, columnar
b. Layers – simple (1 layer) and stratified (more
than 1 layer)
6. Free surfaces can be modified to reflect specific
functions – cilia, microvilli

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B. Simple squamous epithelium
1. Simple squamous epithelium is made up of a
single layer of thin, flattened cells.
2. Because it is suited for diffusion, it functions in
the exchange of gases in the alveoli of the
lungs and lines blood and lymph vessels as well
as body cavities.

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 Fig 5.2 10
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C. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
1. Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a single
layer of cube-shaped cells with centrally
located nuclei.
2. It functions in secretion and absorption in the
kidneys, secretion in glands, and covers the
ovaries.

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 Fig 5.3 12
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D. Simple Columnar Epithelium
1. Simple columnar epithelium is made up of one
row of elongated cells whose nuclei are all
located near the basement membrane.
2. Nonciliated lines the uterus, stomach, and
intestines where it protects underlying tissues,
secretes digestive fluids, and absorbs nutrients.
3. Ciliated is found in the uterine tubes and moves
an egg toward the uterus.

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Simple Columnar Epithelium, cont.
4. In the intestine, these cells possess microvilli
that increase the surface area available for
absorption.
5. Mucus-secreting goblet cells can be found
among columnar cells.

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 Fig 5.4 15
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E. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
1. These cells appear layered due to the
varying positions of their nuclei within the
row of cells, but are not truly layered.
2. Cilia may be present, along with mucus-
secreting globlet cells, that line and sweep
debris from respiratory tubes.

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 Fig 5.5 17
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F. Stratified Squamous Epithelium
1. This type of tissue is made up of layers of
flattened cells that are designed to protect
underlying layers.
2. The shape of the top layer of cells is used to
name the type of stratified epithelium; in this
case, the top layer would be squamous cells.
3. It makes up the outer layer of skin, and lines
the mouth, throat, vagina, and anal canal.
4. In the skin, outer layers of cells undergo
keratinization, producing a dry, water-proof,
protective layer; however, this process does not
occur where tissues remain moist in the throat,
vagina, or anal canal.
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 Fig 5.6
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G. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
1. This tissue consists of two to three layers of
cuboidal cells lining a lumen of the mammary
glands, sweat glands, salivary glands,
pancreas, ovarian follicles, and seminiferous
tubules.
2. Several layers of cells provide greater
protection than one single layer.

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 Fig 5.7 21
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H. Stratified Columnar Epithelium
1. This tissue consists of several layers of cells
with columnar cells on the surface.
2. This type of tissue is rare, but may sometimes
be found in the male urethra.

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 Fig 5.8 23
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I. Transitional Epithelium
1. Transitional epithelium is designed to distend
and return to its normal size, as it does in the
lining of the urinary bladder, urethra, and
ureters.
2. This design provides distensibility and keeps
urine from diffusing back into the internal
cavity.

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 Fig 5.9 25
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J. Glandular Epithelium
1. This tissue is made up of cuboidal or columnar
cells designed to produce and secrete
substances into ducts or into body fluids.
2. Glands that secrete products into ducts are
exocrine; those that secrete into body fluids
and blood are called endocrine.

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3. Glands are classified by the ways the glands
secrete their products.
a. Merocrine glands release fluid products by
exocytosis.
1) Includes the pancreas, salivary glands,
sweat glands, and most other glands.
2) Some are considered as serous, which
produce a watery fluid with high enzyme
concentration
3) Others are mucus, which produce a
thicker, protective substance (mucus).

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Classification of glands, cont
b. Apocrine glands pinch off a portion of their cell
bodies during secretion; mammary glands
c. Holocrine glands release entire cells that
disintegrate to release their secretions;
sebaceous (oil) glands

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 Fig 5.10 29
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 Table 5.3 30
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5.3 Connective Tissues

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A. General Characteristics
1. Connective tissues bind, support, protect,
serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat,
produce blood cells, protect against infection,
and help repair tissue damage.
2. Unlike epithelial tissues, connective tissues
have an abundance of extracellular matrix, or
intercellular material composed of protein
fibers and ground substance; consistency
varies.
3. Connective tissue can divide and most have a
good blood supply (except cartilage).

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 Fig 5A 33
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4. Major cell types
a. The fibroblast is the most common cell
type, and is a fixed, star-shaped cell that
secretes fibers and is large in size.
b. Wandering macrophages (histiocytes)
function as scavenger cells and defend
against infection and foreign particles by
phagocytosis.
c. Mast cells are large, fixed, and are located
near blood vessels where they release
heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine
(promotes inflammation).

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5. Connective Tissue Fibers
a. Strong bundles of collagenous fibers (white
fibers), made of the protein collagen, add
strength for holding body parts together.
b. Elastic fibers (yellow fibers), made of the
protein elastin, are stretchy and add
flexibility to certain types of connective
tissues.
c. Reticular fibers are thin collagenous fibers
that form supportive networks in a variety of
tissues.
6. Classified as connective tissue proper (loose
and dense) and specialized connective tissue.

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B. Categories of Connective Tissue
1. Loose connective tissue includes areolar,
adipose and reticular connective tissues.
a. Areolar Tissue forms delicate, thin
membranes throughout the body that bind
body parts together such as skin and
underlying organs.
1) The majority of the cells are fibroblasts
that are separated by a gel-like ground
substance that contains collagenous and
elastic fibers.

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 Fig 5.14 37
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 b. Adipose Tissue is loose connective tissue
designed to store fat.
1) It is found beneath the skin, around
joints, padding the kidneys and other
internal organs, and in certain abdominal
membranes.
2) Cells are called adipocytes.
3) Also functions to store energy for the
body.

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 Fig 5.15 39
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 c. Reticular connective tissue is composed of
thin, collagenous fibers in a 3-D network.
1) It helps to provide framework of certain
internal organs (liver and spleen).

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2. Dense Connective Tissue
a. This tissue consists of densely packed
collagenous fibers and is very strong but
lacks a good blood supply.
b. It is found as part of tendons, ligaments,
and the white layer of the eyeball (sclera).

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 Fig 5.16 42
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3. Cartilage
a. Cartilage is a rigid connective tissue that
provides a supportive framework for
various structures. It lacks a vascular
system and so heals slowly.
b. Cartilage cells (chondrocytes) lie within
lacunae in the gel-like fluid matrix.
c. Cartilaginous structures are enclosed within
a connective tissue called the
perichondrium, which is vascular.

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d. The most common, hyaline cartilage, is white
with abundant fine collagen fibers, is found at
the ends of bones, and supports respiratory
structures and passages; also important in
embryonic development of bone and bone
growth.

Fig 5.17 44
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e. Elastic cartilage, with elastic fibers, provides a
framework for the external ears and parts of the
larynx.

Fig 5.18 45
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f. Fibrocartilage, with many collagenous fibers, is
a tough tissue that provides a shock-absorbing
function in intervertebral discs and in the
knees and pelvic girdle.

Fig 5.19 46
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4. Bone
a. Bone is the most rigid connective tissue,
with deposits of calcium mineral salts and
collagen within the matrix.
b. Bone internally supports the body, protects,
forms muscle attachments and is the
site for blood cell formation.
c. Bone cells, called osteocytes, lie within
lacunae and are arranged in concentric
circles (osteons) around central or
Haversian canals interconnected by
canaliculi.
d. Bone has a good blood supply, enabling
rapid recovery after an injury.
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 Fig 5.20 48
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5. Blood
a. Blood is composed of formed elements
suspended in a liquid matrix called
plasma.
b. The formed elements include red blood
cells to carry oxygen, white blood cells for
protection, and platelets for blood clotting.
c. Blood functions to transport substances
throughout the body.

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 Fig 5.21 50
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 Table 5.5 51
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5.4 Types of Membranes

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A. Epithelial membranes are thin, sheet-like
structures composed of epithelium and
connective tissues, covering body surfaces and
lining body cavities.
1. Serous membranes – double membranes that
line body cavities that are not open to the
outside (thorax and abdominal cavities)
a. Includes the pleura, pericardium, and
peritoneum
b. The parietal portion lines the cavity wall
c. The visceral portion covers the organs
d. A small amount of lubricating serous fluid
is between the two layers.
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Epithelial membranes, cont.
2. Mucous membranes line cavities and tubes
that are open to the outside
a. Includes the oral and nasal cavities, and
the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and
reproductive systems.
b. Contains globlet cells that produce mucus.
3. Cutaneous membrane – the skin; a dry
membrane that is keratinized for protection
and water-proofing.

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B. Connective tissue membranes are made entirely
of connective tissue
1. Includes synovial membranes that lines
certain joint cavities.

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5.5 Muscle Tissue

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A. General Characteristics
1. Muscle cells, or fibers, can contract and
shorten to provide movement.
2. Consist of three major types: skeletal,
smooth and cardiac.
3. Generally do not divide, but do grow larger.

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B. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
1. Skeletal muscle is attached to bone and can
be controlled by conscious effort (voluntary).
2. The cells (muscle fibers) are long and
cylindrical, striated, have many nuclei and
contract from nervous impulse.

Fig 5.22 58
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C. Smooth Muscle Tissue
1. Smooth muscle tissue lacks striations, is
uninucleated, and consists of spindle-shaped
cells.
2. This involuntary muscle is found in the walls of
internal organs, such as in the digestive tract,
blood vessels, and urinary bladder.

Fig 5.23 59
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D. Cardiac Muscle Tissue
1. Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the heart
and consists of branching fibers that are
connected to each other with intercalated
discs.
2. This involuntary muscle has a single nucleus in
each cell but appears striated.

Fig 5.24 60
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5.6 Nervous Tissue

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A. Nervous tissues are found in the brain, spinal
cord, and nerves.
1. Neurons, or nerve cells conduct electrical
impulses to other neurons, muscles, and
glands.
2. Neurons have unique cellular extensions.
B. Helper cells, or neuroglia, support, nourish, and
communicate with the neurons but do not
conduct impulses.

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 Fig 5.25 63
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 Table 5.6 64
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