SI Fundamental Units

Scientific notation
Unit conversion
Uncertainty and error analysis
Absolute and relative uncertainties
Scalar and vector quantities
Vectors
*Vector addition
*Vector subtraction
Motion
*Displacement
*Velocity
*Acceleration
Motion
Distance
 Refers to the total length of path taken by an object in
moving from its initial to final position.

Displacement
 the moving of something from its place or position
 The change in student’s position

x = x-x0
Starting from the church, a procession
has to take the following route; 50 m,
north; 40 m, east; and 60 m, north. To
go back, it has to follow the same route
but in the opposite direction. (a) What is
the total displacement travelled? (b)
What is the total displacement?
For his early morning exercise,
Andee jogged 12 times around a
circular track of radius 5.0 m.
Find his total distance travelled
and his displacement.
Speed
 Is the distance travelled by a body
in a given time.

Velocity
 Is the time rate of change of
position
Physical Quantity Definition Classification of
Physical Quantity
Speed Distance travelled by Scalar
a body in a given time

Velocity Time rate of change Vector

of position
Average Speed Total distance Scalar
travelled divided by
the total time elapsed

Instantaneous Speed Speed at a particular Scalar

instant of time

Instantaneous Velocity at a specific Vector

Velocity instant of time
Vania walks to her school 360 m away at a
constant speed of 3.0 m/s. Ten seconds
later, her brother Angelito follows at a
constant speed of 4.0 m/s. (a) how long
will it take Angelito to overtake Vania?
(b) How far is Vania from school when
overtaken by Angelito?
Lean and Mickey who are 150 m
apart start walking toward each
other at 3.0 m/s and 5.0m/s,
respectively. (a) how long will it
take for them to meet? (b) find the
corresponding distance travelled
by each.
Acceleration
Is the rate of change of velocity. Because
velocity is a vector quantity, a change in
velocity can be a change in magnitude, a
change in direction, or a change in both
magnitude and direction.
 The simplest type of motion is a straight line motion with
constant acceleration. The velocity changes by equal amounts in
a specified time intervals.

v - vo
a=
t
 In calculus, the instantaneous acceleration a inst is equal to the
instantaneous rate of change of velocity with time.

dv
dt
a inst =

 Average velocity

v + v0
v=
2
The position of an object as a function of
time t is given by
3.5 3
X= ( )
s 3 t - (2 m/s)t + 5.0 m.
(a) Give the velocity and acceleration as
function of time. (b) Find the velocity
and acceleration at t = 2.0s.
Derive the equation for velocity given the
2
position x = vot + 1/2at , where vo and
a are the initial velocity and constant
acceleration, respectively. Find the
position, velocity, and acceleration of the
object at t = 4.0 s.
Free Fall
Egg-cellent
Landing
Activity!
Did you know?
Through careful design and many experimental trials, NASA engineers
have developed a way to safely land Mars rovers when approaching the
great Red Planet at speeds exceeding 12,000 mph. To slow down the
spacecraft that is transporting the rover, engineers have designed a craft
that includes an aeroshell, which in turn in comprised of a heat shield, a
parachute, airbags, rockets and lander , among other important
components. Once the heat shield has done its part in effectively
bringing the lander to a vertical stop 40 to 50 feet above the ground, the
bridle that tethers the lander to the aeroshell's backshell is cut, and the
lander — surrounded with airbags and containing the rover inside —
free falls to the Martian surface and bounces its way to a stop.
The Egg-cellent Landing activity will simulate the free-falling lander and
its subsequent bouncing that occurs before it finally stops. However,
since the experiment will be done on Earth and not on Mars, we can
take advantage of Earth's thicker atmosphere.
Objective/s..
The objective of this exercise is for
students to design an egg-lander within
constraints to keep an egg from breaking
when it hits the ground from a significant
height. The landers are allowed to
bounce when they hit the ground.
1. Plan
2. Sketch/design
3. Create
4. Test
5. Show and tell
CONSTRAINTS/RULES/GUIDELINES
 Only raw, store bought chicken eggs may be used. Your design must
not include changing the egg in any way (no tape on the egg, no nail
polish on the egg, no soaking the egg in vinegar, no hollow egg...).
You must supply the egg used in the project. To practice, you can use
a plastic Easter egg and fill it until it is the same mass as an egg.
 No glass of any kind may be used in the design, for obvious reasons.
 The egg container and all materials must remain intact. For example,
no parts – inside or out - can fall or break off during flight or impact.
 At least ¼ of the egg should be showing at all times – in other words,
you may not completely cover the egg with any material. We should
be able to clearly see a part of the egg as it is housed in your design.
Free Fall
In the absence of air resistance, all
bodies at the same location above
Earth’s surface fall vertically with
the same acceleration regardless of
their size and mass.
 David Scott
Discovered by David scott in 1971 when he
dropped a feather and a hammer from the
same height on the surface of the moon
where air resistance is almost absent
In the absence of air resistance, a
falling body has a constant
acceleration g equal to 9.8 m/s
If an object is thrown upward and
which eventually returns to its
starting point exhibits two
symmetries:
o Time symmetry
o Speed symmetry
Time Symmetry
The time required for the object
to reach its maximum height equals
the time for it to return
Speed Symmetry
Shows that any displacement above the
point of release, the speed of the body
during the upward trip equals the speed
during the downward trip. The velocity in
the maximum height is zero but the
acceleration is still equal to g.
EXAMPLE 1:
Jason hits a volleyball so that it
moves with an initial velocity of
6.0 m/s straight upward. If the
volleyball starts from 2.0 m
above the floor. How long will it
be in the air before it strikes the
floor?
EXAMPLE 2:
A lady tosses a coin vertically up with the
speed of 5.5 m/s. (a) How high will the
coin rise before it goes down? (b) How
long will the coin stay in the air before
landing? (c) With what speed will it
land on the lady’s hand? (d) At what
times will the speed of the coin be
3.0m/s?
EXAMPLE 3:
A screw was detached from hot
air balloon that is rising at 3.5
m/s at an altitude of 8.3 m. (a)
What is the initial velocity of
the screw? (b) How long will it
take for the screw to reach the
ground?
 EXAMPLE 4:
A stone is thrown vertically up with an initial
velocity of 4.9 m/s from the top of the
building that is 52 m high. On its way
down, it misses the top of the building and
goes straight to the ground. Find (a) its
maximum height relative to the ground, (b)
its time of flight of the total time it is in air.
And (c) its velocity just before it reaches
the ground.
 EXAMPLE 5:
A boy threw a ball vertically upward. It
returned to his hand after 9.8s, (a) What was
the ball’s initial speed? (b) With what speed
did it return to the boy’s hands? (c) How
high did it go?
 EXAMPLE 6:
A photographer inside a helicopter descending
vertically at 15 m/s at an altitude of 55 m
accidentally drops his camera. How long will
it take the camera to reach the ground?
Projectile Motion
Projectile
Is an object that is thrown
horizontally or at some angle
with respect to the horizontal.
Projectile motion is the combination of
uniform horizontal motion and free fall
it also exhibits time and speed
symmetries.
The curved path of projectile is called the
trajectory.
EXAMPLE 1
A ball thrown horizontally from the edge of
the top of a building 49.0 m high strikes
the ground 24.5 m from the foot of the
building. Find the (a) time it takes the ball
to reach the ground, (b) initial velocity of
the ball, and (c) velocity just before the
ball strikes the ground.
EXAMPLE 2
A ball is thrown horizontally from a
building 63.0 m high with a speed of
25.0m/s. Find (a) vertical and
horizontal component of the ball’s
initial velocity, (b) time of flight, (c)
distance from the foot of the building
where the ball will strike the ground,
and (d) velocity when the ball will
strike the ground.
EXAMPLE 3
A golf ball hits with an initial velocity of 25
m/s and at an angle of 30 degrees with the
horizontal. Find (a) the horizontal and
vertical components of the initial velocity
of the ball, (b) its maximum height, © time
off flight, (d) range, (e) velocity at the
maximum height, (f) velocity at t= 2.0s.
Example 4
The Royal Gorge Bridge in Colorado
rises 321 m above the Arkansas
River. Suppose you kick a rock
horizontally off the bridge. The
magnitude of the rock’s horizontal
displacement is 45.0 m. find the
speed at which rock was kikched.
Example 5
A baseball rolls off a 0.70 m high
desk and strikes the floor 0.25 m
away from the base of the desk. How
fast was the ball rolling?
Example 6
A pelican flying along horizontal
path dropsa fish from a height of 5.4
m. the fish travels 8.0 m horizontally
before it hits the water below. What
is the pelican’s speed?
An object is dropped from
the top of a building. It hits
the ground after 3.85 s.
what is the height of the
building?
A persons jumps from
the cliff into the water
below. The height of the
cliff is 9.7m. How long
will it take for the
person to hit the water?
A ball is dropped from the
top of a 73.0-m tall
building. How fast will the
velocity be when it hits the
ground?