Ionic Bonds

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 DID YOU KNOW?
ionic bond, also called electrovalent bond,
type of linkage formed from the
electrostatic attraction between oppositely
charged ions in a chemical compound. The
atom that loses the electrons becomes a
positively charged ion (cation), while the
one that gains them becomes a negatively
charged ion (anion). 
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 Ionic bond: sodium chloride, or table salt

Ionic bonding in sodium chloride. An atom of sodium (Na)

donates one of its electrons to an atom of chlorine (Cl) in a
chemical reaction, and the resulting positive ion (Na+) and
negative ion (Cl−) form a stable ionic compound (sodium
chloride; common table salt) based on this ionic bond.
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 TRIVIA!!! BOO M
A bond is ionic if the electronegativity difference between
the atoms is great enough that one atom could pull an
electron completely away from the other one. That
situation is common in compounds that combine elements
from the left-hand edge of the periodic table (sodium,
potassium, calcium, etc.)
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 Structure
Ionic compounds in the solid state form lattice structures. The two
principal factors in determining the form of the lattice are the
relative charges of the ions and their relative sizes. Some structures
are adopted by a number of compounds; for example, the structure
of the rock salt sodium chloride is also adopted by many alkali
 halides, and binary oxides such as magnesium oxide. Pauling's rules
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 provide guidelines for predicting and rationalizing the crystal

structures of ionic crystals
 Ionic bonding results in compounds known as 
ionic, or electrovalent, compounds, which are best exemplified by the
compounds formed between nonmetals and the alkali and alkaline-earth metals.
In ionic crystalline solids of this kind, the electrostatic forces of attraction
between opposite charges and repulsion between similar charges orient the ions
in such a manner that every positive ion becomes surrounded by negative ions
and vice versa.

In short, the ions are so arranged that the positive and negative charges
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alternate and balance one another, the overall charge of the entire substance
being zero. The magnitude of the electrostatic forces in ionic crystals is
considerable. Accordingly, these substances tend to be hard and nonvolatile.
 BOOM An ionic bond is actually the extreme case of
a polar covalent bond, the latter resulting
from unequal sharing of electrons rather
than complete electron transfer.

Ionic bonds typically form when the

difference in the electronegativities of the
two atoms is great, while covalent bonds
form when the electronegativities are
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similar. Compare covalent bond.
 six or eight nearest neighbours are typical; the number
depends on the size of the ions and not on the bond
angles. The alkali halide crystals are binaries of
the AH type, where A is an alkali ion (lithium [Li],
sodium, potassium, rubidium, or cesium) and H is a
halide ion (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine).

The crystals have ionic bonding, and each ion has six or

eight neighbours. Metal ions in the alkaline earth series
 (magnesium [Mg], calcium [Ca], barium [Ba], and
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strontium [Sr]) have two electrons in their outer shells

and form divalent cations in ionic crystals.
 The chalcogenides (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and
tellurium) need two electrons to fill their outer p-
shell. (Electron shells are divided into subshells,
designated as s, p, d, f, g, and so forth. Each
subshell is divided further into orbitals.)Two
electrons are transferred from the cations to the
anions, leaving each with a closed shell.

The alkaline earth chalcogenides form ionic 

binary crystals such as barium oxide (BaO), 
calcium sulfide (CaS), barium selenide (BaSe),
or strontium oxide (SrO). They have the same
structure as sodium chloride, with each atom
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having six neighbours. Oxygen can be combined

with various cations to form a large number of
ionically bonded solids
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