Engr. Hassan Sultan Waqar Azeem Engr. Ammar Hassan

Chapter 1
Engr. Hassan Sultan

Waqar Azeem
Engr. Ammar Hassan
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Chapter 2
The Bohr atom is a tool for visualizing atomic structure.
•The nucleus is positively charged

and has the protons and neutrons.
•Electrons are negatively
charged and in discrete shells.
•The atomic number is the number

of protons and determines the
particular element.
•In the neutral atom, the number
of electrons is equal to the
number of protons.
Electron Proton Neutron
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

© 2010 Pearson Higher
mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
The outer shell is called the valence shell. Electrons in this

shell are involved in chemical reactions and in metals they
account for electrical and thermal conductivity.
A neutral Si atom is shown.

There are 4 electrons in the
valence shell.
+ Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3
Is Si a conductor, insulator,
or semiconductor?
Semiconductor

mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
There is a force (F) between charges. Like

charges repel; unlike charges attract.
•The force is directly proportional to charge.

•The force is inversely proportional to square of distance
(for point sources).
_
+ + +

mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
Voltage (V) is the energy (W) per charge (Q);

it is responsible for establishing current.
+ -
W
V + -
Q
+ -
Work is done as a charge is -
+
moved in the electric field
from one potential to + -
another.is the work per charge + -
Voltage
done against the electric field. + -
+ -
+ -
mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
Definition of voltage
W
V
Q
One volt is the potential difference (voltage) between

two points when one joule of energy is used to move
one coulomb of charge from one point to the other.

mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
Example
• Find the potential difference between 2 points in electrical system if
60J of energy are expended by a charge of 20C between these two
points
Solution
V=W/Q= 60J/20C= 3V

mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
Example
• Determine the energy expended moving a charge of 50 μC through a
potential difference of 6V
Sol.
W= QV
= (50x10-6C)(6V)= 300x10-6J
= 300 μJ

mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
Voltage
Voltage is responsible for establishing
current. Voltage sources include generators, solar cells,
and batteries to name a few.
This is a Cu-Zn e– –
Ammeter
+ e–
A
battery, such as you e–
Salt bridge e–
might construct in a
Zinc Copper
chemistry class. The Zn
(anode)
Zn2++ 2e –
(cathode)
Cu 2+ + 2e
–
Cu
chemical reaction
occurs when there is 2+
2+
Cu
ZnSO4 Zn 2-
an external path for solution 2+

Zn
SO4
CuSO4
the electrons. solution

mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
Batteries
Batteries do not store charge – they store chemical energy
that can be converted to current when an external path is
provided to allow the chemical reaction to proceed.
Rather than saying “charging” a battery, it is more
accurate to say “reversing the chemical reaction” in a
battery.
Battery
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Chapter 2
Current (I) is the amount of charge (Q) that

flows past a point in a unit of time (t).
Q
I
t
One ampere is a number of electrons having a total charge of 1 C
move through a given cross section in 1 s.
What is the current if 2 C passes a point in 5 s? 0.4 A

mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
Resistance is the opposition to current.

One ohm (1 ) is the resistance if one ampere (1 A) is in a
material when one volt (1 V) is applied.
Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance.
1
G
R
Components designed to have a specific amount of resistance are
called resistors. Color bands
Resistance material
(carbon composition)
Insulation coating
Leads

mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
What is the resistance and tolerance of

each of the four-band resistors?
5.1 k± 5%
k± 5%
47  ± 10%
1.0  ± 5%

mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
Variable resistors include the potentiometer and

rheostat. A potentiometer can be connected as a
rheostat.
R
The center terminal is connected to the wiper
3
1 2 Variable
Shaft
(potentiometer)
Wiper
Resistive
element R
Variable
(rheostat)

mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
A basic circuit consists of

1) a voltage source, 2) a path and 3) a load.
2) An example of a basic circuit is the
flashlight, which has each of these.
Switch Metal strip
Metal reflector Spring

mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
An important
multipurpose
instrument is the
DMM, which can OFF VH
Hz
measure voltage, VH
mV H
current, and A
V
resistance. Many 10 A VV
include other 40 m A COM
measurement
options.

mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
Selected Key Terms
Ampere The unit of electrical current
AWG (American Wire Gauge) A standardization based

on wire diameter
Charge An electrical property of matter that exists
because of an excess or a deficiency of
electrons. Charge can be either + or .
Circuit An interconnection of electronic components

designed to produce a desired result. A basic
circuit consists of a source, a load, and an
interconnecting path.

mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
Selected Key Terms
Conductance The ability of a circuit to allow current. The unit
is the siemans (S).
Coulomb The unit of electrical charge.
Current The rate of flow of electrical charge.
Electron A basic particle of electrical charge in matter.

The electron possesses a negative charge.
Ground The common or reference point in a circuit.
Ohm () The unit of resistance.

mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
Selected Key Terms
Potentiometer A three-terminal variable resistor.
Resistance The opposition to current. The unit is the ohm ().
Rheostat A two-terminal variable resistor.
Siemens The unit of conductance
Volt The unit of voltage or electromotive force.
Voltage The amount of energy per charge available to

move electrons from one point to another in an
electric circuit.
mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
Quiz
1. The atomic number is the number of

a. protons in the nucleus
b. neutrons in the nucleus
c. protons plus neutrons in the nucleus
d. electrons in the outer shell

mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
Quiz
2. Valence electrons are

a. in the outer shell
b. involved in chemical reactions
c. relatively loosely bound
d. all of the above

mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
Quiz
3. The atomic particle responsible for electrical current in

solid metallic conductors is the
a. proton
b. electron
c. neutron
d. all of the above

mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
Quiz
4. The symbol for charge is

a. C
b. 
c. Q
d. W

mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
Quiz
5. The definition for voltage is

Q
a. V 
t
W
b. V 
t
W
c. V 
Q
d. V  It

mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
Quiz
6. A battery stores
a. electrons
b. protons
c. ions
d. chemical energy

mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
Quiz
7. The unit of conductance is the

a. ohm
b. coulomb
c. siemens
d. ampere

mde Education,
207-311
Chapter 2
Quiz
Answers:
1. a 6. d
2. d 7. c
3. b 8. b
4. c 9. b
5. c 10. b

mde Education,
207-311

Engr. Hassan Sultan Waqar Azeem Engr. Ammar Hassan

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Chapter 1

Engr. Hassan Sultan

The Bohr atom is a tool for visualizing atomic structure.

•The nucleus is positively charged

•The atomic number is the number

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

The outer shell is called the valence shell. Electrons in this

A neutral Si atom is shown.

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

There is a force (F) between charges. Like

•The force is directly proportional to charge.

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

Voltage (V) is the energy (W) per charge (Q);

One volt is the potential difference (voltage) between

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

an external path for solution 2+

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

Current (I) is the amount of charge (Q) that

What is the current if 2 C passes a point in 5 s? 0.4 A

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

Resistance is the opposition to current.

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

What is the resistance and tolerance of

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

Variable resistors include the potentiometer and

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

A basic circuit consists of

Switch Metal strip

Metal reflector Spring

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

include other 40 m A COM

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

AWG (American Wire Gauge) A standardization based

Circuit An interconnection of electronic components

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

Coulomb The unit of electrical charge.

Current The rate of flow of electrical charge.

Electron A basic particle of electrical charge in matter.

Ground The common or reference point in a circuit.

Ohm () The unit of resistance.

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

Resistance The opposition to current. The unit is the ohm ().

Rheostat A two-terminal variable resistor.

Siemens The unit of conductance

Volt The unit of voltage or electromotive force.

Voltage The amount of energy per charge available to

1. The atomic number is the number of

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

2. Valence electrons are

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

3. The atomic particle responsible for electrical current in

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

4. The symbol for charge is

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

5. The definition for voltage is

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

7. The unit of conductance is the

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. T.Elsarnagawy,

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