Precal U2 L1 Sequence, Series, - Sigma Notation (Complete)

Lesson 7
Sequence,
Series and
Sigma Notation
Recurrent structures
and forms can easily
be observed in nature,
such as in plants,
flowers, or fruits.
2
What are the
different types of
sequences and how
do they differ from
one another?
Sequence
A sequence is a list of
numbers or objects in a
specific order and may be
generated from shapes or
patterns.
4
Sequence
Each number in a sequence
is called a term. Each term
is identified by its position in
the sequence and is usually
denoted as
5
Finite and Infinite Sequence
Sequence
Finite Infinite
Sequence Sequence
sequence with sequence with

limited number of unlimited number
terms of terms
6
Kinds of Sequences
Arithmetic
Geometric
Harmonic
Fibonacci
7
How do these
kinds of sequences
differ from one
another?
Arithmetic
Sequence
Arithmeti
Geometric Harmonic Fibonacci
c
An arithmetic sequence
is a sequence whose
consecutive terms have a
common difference .
10
Arithmeti
c
To identify the common difference of

an arithmetic sequence, subtract any
two consecutive terms of the sequence.
𝟐,𝟓 ,8 ,𝟏𝟏 ,𝟏𝟒 ,17 ,…
𝒅=𝟓−𝟐 𝒅=𝟓−𝟐
11
Arithmeti
c
The th term of an arithmetic

sequence with first term and
common difference is given by:
12
Arithmeti
c
Example:
Find the 12th term of the arithmetic
sequence whose first term is 10 and
whose sixth term is 50.
𝒂 𝒏=𝒂𝟏 + ( 𝒏− 𝟏 ) 𝒅
13
Arithmeti
c
Example
Find the 12th term of the arithmetic
sequence whose first term is 10 and
whose
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 sixth term is 50.
𝑡h𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝟓𝟎=𝟏𝟎+ ( 𝟔−𝟏 ) 𝒅 𝟓𝟎=𝟏𝟎+𝟓𝒅 𝟒𝟎=𝟓𝒅
𝟓𝟎−𝟏𝟎=𝟓 𝒅 𝒅=𝟖
14
Arithmetic Sequence
Arithmetic Geometric Harmonic Fibonacci
Example
Find the 12th term of the arithmetic sequence whose first
term is 10 and whose sixth term is 50.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡h𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑡h 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝒂 𝟏𝟐 =𝟏𝟎+𝟏𝟏(𝟖)

𝒂 𝟏𝟐 =𝟏𝟎+ ( 𝟏𝟐 −𝟏 ) 𝟖 𝒂 𝟏𝟐 =𝟏𝟎+𝟖𝟖 𝒂 𝟏𝟐 =𝟗𝟖
15
Arithmetic Sequence
Example
Find the 12th term of the arithmetic sequence whose first
term is 10 and whose sixth term is 50.
The 12th term of the arithmetic sequence is 98.

16
Geometric Sequence
Geometric Sequence
A geometric sequence is a sequence whose terms can be

obtained by multiplying the preceding term by a fixed
number called the common ratio denoted by .
18
Geometric Sequence
To identify the common ratio of a geometric sequence,

divide any two consecutive terms of the sequence.
𝟏,𝟑 ,9 ,𝟐𝟕,𝟖𝟏,243,…
𝟑 𝟖𝟏
𝒓= 𝒓=
𝟏 𝟐𝟕
19
Geometric Sequence
The th term of a geometric sequence with first term and

common ratio is given by:
20
Geometric Sequence
Example
Find the 8th term of the geometric sequence 4, 12, 36, …
21
Geometric Sequence
Example
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡h𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝒂 𝒏=𝒂𝟏 𝒓 𝒏 −𝟏 𝒂 𝟖=𝟒(𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟕)
𝟕
𝒂 𝟖=𝟒 ( 𝟑 ) 𝒂 𝟖=𝟖 𝟕𝟒𝟖
22
Geometric Sequence
Example
The 8th term of the given geometric sequence is 8 748.

23
Harmonic Sequence
Harmonic Sequence
A harmonic sequence is a sequence whose terms are

reciprocals of an arithmetic sequence.
25
Harmonic Sequence
The terms of a harmonic sequence are denoted by ,… ,

where are terms of an arithmetic sequence.
26
Harmonic Sequence
Example
In the harmonic sequence which term is ?
27
Harmonic Sequence
Example
In the harmonic sequence which term is ?
is the 16th term of the given harmonic sequence.
28
Fibonacci Sequence
Fibonacci Sequence
A Fibonacci sequence is a list of numbers such that the

next term is obtained by adding the two previous terms.
30
Fibonacci Sequence
A Fibonacci-type sequence is a sequence in which it

follows the pattern of a Fibonacci sequence, and the first
and second terms are given.
31
Fibonacci Sequence
Example
List the first 8 terms of the Fibonacci-type sequence given
that and
32
Fibonacci Sequence
Example
that and
𝟐,7 𝟗,𝟏𝟔,𝟐𝟓,𝟒𝟏,𝟔𝟔,𝟏𝟎𝟕
33
Fibonacci Sequence
Example
that and
The first 8 terms of the Fibonacci-type sequence are

2, 7, 9, 16, 25, 41, 66, and 107.
34
Let’s Practice
In the arithmetic sequence 5, 9, 13, 17, …, which term
is 401?
35
Let’s Practice
is 401?
𝒂 𝒏=𝒂𝟏 + ( 𝒏− 𝟏 ) 𝒅 𝟑𝟗𝟔=𝟒𝒏−𝟒 𝟏𝟎𝟎=𝒏

𝟒𝟎𝟏=𝟓+ ( 𝒏− 𝟏 ) 𝟒 𝟑𝟗𝟔+𝟒=𝟒𝒏
𝟒𝟎𝟏−𝟓=𝟒𝒏 −𝟒 𝟒𝟎𝟎=𝟒𝒏
36
Let’s Practice
is 401?

37
Let’s Practice
is 401?
𝒂𝒏 − 𝒂𝟏
𝒏=𝟏+
𝒅 𝒏=𝟏+𝟗𝟗
𝟑𝟗𝟔
𝒏=𝟏+ 𝒏=𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟒
38
Let’s Practice
is 401?

39
Let’s Practice
Find the first term of the harmonic sequence whose
4th term is and 8th term is
40
Let’s Practice
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝑨𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑺𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆

𝒂 𝟒=𝟏𝟒 𝒂 𝟏=𝟏𝟒 𝒂 𝒏=𝒂𝟏 + ( 𝒏− 𝟏 ) 𝒅
𝒂 𝟖=−𝟏𝟎 𝒂 𝟓=−𝟏𝟎 −𝟏𝟎=𝟏𝟒+ ( 𝟓− 𝟏 ) 𝒅
41
Let’s Practice
−𝟏𝟎=𝟏𝟒+ ( 𝟓− 𝟏 ) 𝒅 −𝟐𝟒=𝟒 𝒅
−𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟒=𝟒𝒅 −𝟔=𝒅
−𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟒=𝟒𝒅
42
Let’s Practice
𝒅=−𝟔
𝟑𝟐,𝟐𝟔,𝟐𝟎,𝟏𝟒,𝟖 ,𝟐 ,− 𝟒 ,− 𝟏𝟎
𝟏
𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝟑𝟐𝒊𝒔
𝟑𝟐
43
Let’s Practice
The first term of the harmonic sequence is .
44
Lesson 7.2
Series, Partial Sum and

Limiting Sums
Partial Sum of a Sequence
For the sequence

the partial sums are
46
is the first partial sum.

is the second partial sum.
is called the th partial sum.
47
For the sequence

the partial sums are
48
The sequence

is called the sequence of partial sums.
49
Let’s Practice
Find the first four partial sums of the sequence
50
Let’s Practice
Find the first four partial sums of the sequence
51
Let’s Practice
Find the first four partial sums of the sequence whose

th term is
52
Let’s Practice
Find the first four partial sums of the sequence whose

th term is
53
Let’s Practice
Find the first four partial sums and the th partial sum
of the sequence whose th term is
54
Let’s Practice
Find the first four partial sums and the th partial sum
of the sequence whose th term is
or
55
Partial Sum of an
Arithmetic Sequence
Partial Sum of an Arithmetic Sequence
The partial sum for an arithmetic sequence, also known
as the arithmetic series, refers to the sum of the terms of
an arithmetic sequence.
57
If and are given, the formula is given by
58
If and are given, the formula is given by
59
Example:
Find the sum of the first 30 terms of the arithmetic
sequence if the first term is 22 and the 18th term is 141.
60
Example:
𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆

𝒂 𝒏 − 𝒂 𝟏=( 𝒏− 𝟏 ) 𝒅 𝟏𝟏𝟗=𝟏𝟕 𝒅
𝟏𝟒𝟏−𝟐𝟐=𝟏𝟕 𝒅 𝟕=𝒅
61
Example:
𝒏
𝑺 𝒏 = [𝟐 𝒂𝟏 + ( 𝒏−𝟏 ) 𝒅]
𝟐
62
Example:
𝟑𝟎
𝑺𝟑𝟎 = [𝟐(𝟐𝟐)+𝟐𝟗(𝟕)]
𝟐
63
Example:
𝑺𝟑𝟎 =𝟏𝟓[𝟒𝟒+𝟐𝟎𝟑]
64
Example:
𝑺𝟑𝟎 =𝟏𝟓(𝟐𝟒𝟕)
𝑺𝟑𝟎 =𝟑𝟕𝟎𝟓
65
Example:
𝟑 𝟕𝟎𝟓
66
Partial Sum of a Finite
Geometric Sequence
Partial Sum of a Finite Geometric Sequence
The partial sum of a finite geometric sequence refers to

the sum of the terms of a geometric sequence.

68
The formula for a finite geometric series is given by
where is the first term, and 𝑟 is the common ratio.
69
Example:
Find the sum of the first 6 terms of a geometric sequence
whose first term is 8, and the common ratio is 3.
70
Example:
𝒂 𝟏 ( 𝟏 −𝒓 )
𝒏
𝑺𝒏 =
𝟏 −𝒓
71
Example:
𝟖 𝟏 −𝟑 )
( 𝟔
𝑺𝟔=
𝟏 −𝟑
72
Example:
𝟖 𝟏 −𝟑 )
( 𝟔
𝑺𝟔=
𝟏 −𝟑
73
Example:
𝟖 ( 𝟏 −𝟕𝟐𝟗 )
𝑺 𝟔=
𝟏 −𝟑
74
Example:
𝟖 ( −𝟕𝟐𝟖 )
𝑺𝟔=
−𝟐
75
Example:
−𝟓𝟖𝟐𝟒
𝑺 𝟔=
−𝟐
76
Example:
𝑺𝟔=𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟐
77
Example:
𝟐 𝟗𝟏𝟐
78
Let’s Practice

sequence if the first term is 20 and the last term is 412.
𝒏
𝑺 𝒏 = (𝒂 𝟏+ 𝒂𝒏 )
𝟐
79
Let’s Practice

𝟓𝟎
𝑺𝟓𝟎 = (𝒂𝟏+𝒂 𝒏)
𝟐
80
Let’s Practice

𝟓𝟎
𝑺𝟓𝟎 = (𝟐𝟎+𝟒𝟏𝟐)
𝟐
81
Let’s Practice

𝑺𝟓𝟎 =𝟐𝟓(𝟒𝟑𝟐)
82
Let’s Practice

𝑺𝟓𝟎 =𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟎
83
Let’s Practice

10 800
84
Let’s Practice
Justine saved ₱20 in the first week of school. Suppose

in any succeeding week, he always saves twice the
amount he saved in the previous week. How much is
his total savings after 3 months?
𝒂 𝟏 ( 𝟏 −𝒓 )
𝒏
𝑺𝒏 =
𝟏 −𝒓
85
Let’s Practice

𝟐𝟎 𝟏 −𝒓 )
( 𝟏𝟐
𝑺𝟏𝟐 =
𝟏 −𝒓
86
Let’s Practice

𝟐𝟎 𝟏 −𝟐 )
( 𝟏𝟐
𝑺𝟏𝟐 =
𝟏 −𝟐
87
Let’s Practice

𝟐𝟎 ( 𝟏 −𝟒𝟎𝟗𝟔 )
𝑺𝟏𝟐 =
−𝟏
88
Let’s Practice

𝟐𝟎 ( −𝟒𝟎𝟗𝟓 )
𝑺𝟏𝟐 =
−𝟏
89
Let’s Practice

−𝟖𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎
𝑺𝟏𝟐 =
−𝟏
90
Let’s Practice

𝑺𝟏𝟐 =𝟖𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎
91
Let’s Practice

₱81 900
92
Infinite Series
Infinite Series
An infinite series is the sum of all the terms in an infinite

sequence.
94
Infinite Series
Infinite Convergent Series and Infinite Divergent

Series
An infinite series converges (or is convergent), when

adding the first few terms of a sequence it approaches the
value a finite value 𝑆; otherwise, it diverges (or is
divergent).
95
Infinite Series
Example:
The series is convergent.
The series is divergent.
96
Limiting Sum of Infinite Geometric Series
The limiting sum of an infinite geometric series is
for
97
Example:
Find the limiting sum of the infinite geometric series
if it exists.
𝟏 𝟏
𝒓= ¿ 𝒓∨¿
𝟒 𝟒
¿ 𝒓∨¿ ||
𝟏
𝟒
98
Example:
if it exists.
𝒂𝟏
𝑺𝒏 =
𝟏−𝒓
99
Example:
if it exists.
𝟏
𝑺𝒏 =
𝟏
𝟏−
𝟒
100
Example:
if it exists.
𝟏
𝑺𝒏 =
𝟒 𝟏
−
𝟒 𝟒
101
Example:
if it exists.
𝟏
𝑺𝒏 =
𝟑
𝟒
102
Example:
if it exists.
𝟑
𝑺𝒏 =𝟏 ÷
𝟒
103
Example:
if it exists.
𝟒
𝑺𝒏 =𝟏 ×
𝟑
104
Example:
if it exists.
𝟒
𝑺𝒏 =
𝟑
105
Example:
if it exists.
106
Determine whether the infinite series converges or

diverges.
107
Determine whether the infinite series converges or

diverges.
The series is divergent.

108
Lesson 7.3
Writing and Evaluating

Sums in Sigma Notation
Series
A series refers to the sum of the terms of a sequence.
110
Sigma Notation
A series can be expressed in a form called sigma notation

(also called summation notation). The Greek capital letter
is used to represent the sum.
111
Sigma Notation
The series 3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 15 + 18 can be expressed in
sigma notation as

This can be read as “the sum of as goes from 1 to 6.”
112
Sigma Notation
upper limit
∑ 3𝑛 general term
𝑛=1
index of summation lower limit
113
How do we evaluate
sums in sigma notation
Evaluating Sums in Sigma Notation
In evaluating sums in sigma notation, we need to identify

the terms and then add them. To identify the terms,
substitute the values of into the general term.
115
Example:
Evaluate the following summation.
116
Example:
63
117
Example:
118
Evaluate the given summation below.

119

32
120

121

122

𝟕𝟑
𝟐𝟒
123
Find the value of the given summation below.

124
Find the value of the given summation below.

0
125
How do we write series
using sigma notation
Writing Series in Sigma Notation
To write sums in sigma notation, we need to identify the

lower and upper limits and the general term from the
given series. In this lesson, we focus on writing series
using one as the lower bound.
127
Example:
Write the series in sigma notation.
128
Example:
∑ ( 𝟏𝟑 𝒏 − 𝟖 ¿ ) ¿
𝒏= 𝟏
129
130
∑ (𝟑 𝒏 +𝟏 ¿ )¿
𝒏= 𝟏
131
Write the given series below in sigma notation.

132

∑ ( 𝒂𝟏 ) ( 𝒓 )
𝒏 −𝟏
𝒏= 𝟏
133

∑ ( 𝟖) ( − 𝟐)
𝒏− 𝟏
𝒏= 𝟏
134
Express the given series in sigma notation.

135
Express the given series in sigma notation.

∑ 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐
𝒏= 𝟏
136
Tips
To identify the general term of a series that

consists of rational terms, you can deal with the
numerator and the denominator separately. This
is to determine how each of the numerator and
denominator are related to .
137
Exercise 1
Evaluate the following summations.
138
Exercise 2
Express the following series in sigma notation.
1.
2.
3.
139
14
Exercise 1 - Answer
Evaluate the following summations.
¿ 180
29
¿
20
¿ 290
141
Exercise 2 - Anwer
Express the following series in sigma notation.
5
1. ¿ ∑ (5𝑛−86)
5 𝑛=1
2
2. ¿∑ 𝑛
𝑛=1 3
6
3.
¿ ∑ 𝑛!
𝑛=1
142
Remember
● A sequence is a list of numbers or objects in a

specific order and may be generated from shapes
or patterns. Each number in a sequence is called
a term.
● An arithmetic sequence is a sequence whose

consecutive terms have a common difference .
143
Remember
● A geometric sequence is a sequence whose

terms can be obtained by multiplying the
preceding term by a fixed number called the
common ratio .
● A harmonic sequence is a sequence whose

terms are reciprocals of an arithmetic sequence.
144
Remember
● Fibonacci sequence is a list of numbers such that

the next term is obtained by adding the two
previous terms.
145
Remember
● A series refers to the sum of the terms in a

sequence.
● Partial sum is the sum of a part of a sequence.
146
Remember
● Infinite series is the sum of all the terms in an

infinite sequence.
o An infinite series is convergent if it

approaches a specific value. Otherwise, it is
divergent.
147
Remember
● A series can be represented in a form called

sigma notation. The Greek capital letter is used
to represent the sum.
● In writing sums in sigma notation, we need to

identify the lower and upper limits and the
general term from the given series.
148
14
15

Precal U2 L1 Sequence, Series, - Sigma Notation (Complete)

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Lesson 7

sequence with sequence with

To identify the common difference of

𝟐,𝟓 ,8 ,𝟏𝟏 ,𝟏𝟒 ,17 ,…

The th term of an arithmetic

Arithmetic Geometric Harmonic Fibonacci

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡h𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑡h 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝒂 𝟏𝟐 =𝟏𝟎+𝟏𝟏(𝟖)

Arithmetic Geometric Harmonic Fibonacci

The 12th term of the arithmetic sequence is 98.

Arithmetic Geometric Harmonic Fibonacci

A geometric sequence is a sequence whose terms can be

Arithmetic Geometric Harmonic Fibonacci

To identify the common ratio of a geometric sequence,

Arithmetic Geometric Harmonic Fibonacci

The th term of a geometric sequence with first term and

Arithmetic Geometric Harmonic Fibonacci

Arithmetic Geometric Harmonic Fibonacci

Arithmetic Geometric Harmonic Fibonacci

The 8th term of the given geometric sequence is 8 748.

Arithmetic Geometric Harmonic Fibonacci

A harmonic sequence is a sequence whose terms are

Arithmetic Geometric Harmonic Fibonacci

The terms of a harmonic sequence are denoted by ,… ,

Arithmetic Geometric Harmonic Fibonacci

Arithmetic Geometric Harmonic Fibonacci

is the 16th term of the given harmonic sequence.

Arithmetic Geometric Harmonic Fibonacci

A Fibonacci sequence is a list of numbers such that the

Arithmetic Geometric Harmonic Fibonacci

A Fibonacci-type sequence is a sequence in which it

Arithmetic Geometric Harmonic Fibonacci

Arithmetic Geometric Harmonic Fibonacci

Arithmetic Geometric Harmonic Fibonacci

The first 8 terms of the Fibonacci-type sequence are

𝒂 𝒏=𝒂𝟏 + ( 𝒏− 𝟏 ) 𝒅 𝟑𝟗𝟔=𝟒𝒏−𝟒 𝟏𝟎𝟎=𝒏

The 100th term of the arithmetic sequence is 401.

The 100th term of the arithmetic sequence is 401.

𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝑨𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑺𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆

𝒂 𝟖=−𝟏𝟎 𝒂 𝟓=−𝟏𝟎 −𝟏𝟎=𝟏𝟒+ ( 𝟓− 𝟏 ) 𝒅

The first term of the harmonic sequence is .

Series, Partial Sum and

is the first partial sum.

Find the first four partial sums of the sequence

Find the first four partial sums of the sequence

Find the first four partial sums of the sequence whose

Find the first four partial sums of the sequence whose

If and are given, the formula is given by

If and are given, the formula is given by

𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆

The partial sum of a finite geometric sequence refers to

where is the first term, and 𝑟 is the common ratio.

Find the sum of the first 50 terms of the arithmetic

Find the sum of the first 50 terms of the arithmetic

Find the sum of the first 50 terms of the arithmetic

Find the sum of the first 50 terms of the arithmetic

Find the sum of the first 50 terms of the arithmetic

Find the sum of the first 50 terms of the arithmetic

Justine saved ₱20 in the first week of school. Suppose

Justine saved ₱20 in the first week of school. Suppose

Justine saved ₱20 in the first week of school. Suppose

Justine saved ₱20 in the first week of school. Suppose

Justine saved ₱20 in the first week of school. Suppose