Civil & Military Administrations in Pakistan

D R. M . U M A I R R A F I Q U E
 The Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Administration

On 29th December 1971 Mr. Bhutto became Civil Chief Martial Law Administrator

and President of Pakistan

All heavy industrial units except textile were nationalized which also includes

educational institutions
Bhutto faced opposition from business community and also from liberal sector after

he declared Sindhi as an official language of Sindh

Top industrialists were detained for short time

He played an important part in creation of 1973 constitution

On 12 August 1973, after promulgating constitution he became Prime minister of

Pakistan
 The Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Administration

Mr. Bhutto pulled out of CENTO and SEATO, recognized the North Korea, North Vietnam and East

Germany

He had good relations with Muslim countries and Pakistan became an active member in creation of

OIC

Pakistan hosted second session of OIC in 1974 he also recognized the Bangladesh as sovereign country

 Mr. Bhutto laid the foundation of Pakistan’s nuclear program

In 1977 elections Mr. Bhutto welcomed feudals in PPP

PPP won the election but opposition party (Pakistan National Alliance) PNA based on right wing

parties claimed that the elections were rigged

Mr. Bhutto was removed by Zia Ul Haq on 5 July 1977

 Bhutto was controversially tried by the Supreme Court and executed on 4 April 1979, for authorizing

the murder of a political opponent

 The Ziaul Haq Regime (1977-1988)

The PPP-PNA clash polarize the nation, General Zia ul Haq called army a natural force

and declared martial law on 5 July 1977

After seizing power he declared that he would hold election within 90 days and retire to

barracks

He supported the Islamization and gave boost to rightist parties

He imposed Islamic punishments on all crimes accept murder

Majlis-e-Shoora was formulated in 1981 which consists 350 members who advice Zia on

political issues but in reality it served only to endorse the decisions of dictator

The Russian intervention in Afghanistan made Pakistan party of Afghan war. Afghan

refugees flooded towards Pakistan and Jihadist groups were promoted for the proxy war
 The Ziaul Haq Regime (1977-1988)

Through Afghan war he obtain arms and money from US and Saudi Arabia. Initially

US offered $325 million aid package but Zia called it “peanuts”

The Regan Administration then provided $3.2 Billion economic and military aid to

Pakistan for its role in Afghan Jihad

US also agreed that they will not pressurize Pakistan on its nuclear program against the

insurance that Pakistan will continue its nuclear program only for peaceful purposes

But Zia adopted the policy of ambiguity and Pakistan secretly pursuit the weapon

program and Obtained the nuclear weapon capability in 1983

the Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Vernon Walter conclude

that: "either Zia "did not know the facts" or was the "most superb and patriotic liar I

have ever met..

 The Ziaul Haq Regime (1977-1988)

 He held referendum for 5 years presidency in 1984

 In February 1985 general elections held in country in which Mr. Junejo became prime

minister

 Zia passed a controversial constitutional 8 th amendment to retain the powers in this

amendment give them power to remove prime minister and dissolve assemblies

 On 31 December 1985, martial law was lifted, but he remained the president and Chief of

Army Staff
 On May 29, 1988 he dismissed the prime minister and dissolved the assembly because of

Junajo’s decision of inquiry of Ojhri incident

 On 17 August 1988, Zia was killed in an air crash near Bahawalpur and chairman of senate

Ghulam Ishaq khan became president of Pakistan

Benazir Bhutto & Nawaz Sharif Governments
(1988-1999)

In November 1988s elections PPP obtained largest number of seats in Assembly and

Benazir Bhutto became prime minister of Pakistan

Nawaz Sharif emerged as a popular leader and became chief minister in Punjab

Both leaders agitated each other through forming alliances and policies against each

other

PPP moved a motion of non confidence against Nawaz Sharif which was failed further

more General Tika Khan became governor of Punjab

In reaction IGI moved a non confidence motion against Benazin in center which was

also failed under the difference of 12 votes

Benazir Bhutto remained in office till August 5, 1990 and removed by President

Ghulam Ishaq Khan on the allegation of corruption and miss management of powers
Benazir Bhutto & Nawaz Sharif Governments
(1988-1999)

On 24 October 1990 new elections held and Nawaz Sharif became the prime

minister of Pakistan
He started a military operation in Sindh which was highly criticized by

opposition and party members

The conflict between him and President Ghulam Ishaq Khan started after he

insisted for the transfer of powers to parliament and end of the 8 th amendment
Negotiations between Prime Minister and President failed and on 18 April

1993 President Ghulam Ishaq removed him from office

On 19th April 1993, he challenged the decision in supreme court and Court

restored the National Assembly and Prime Minister

 Benazir Bhutto & Nawaz Sharif Governments
(1988-1999)

After interruption from The Army Chief ,General Abdul Waheed Karkar

President and Prime Minister resigned from their offices

On Oct,6 1993 Benazir Bhutto won the elections and became the Prime

minister of Pakistan for second term

On September 1, 1996 her brother Murtaza Bhutto was shot dead in Clifton

Karachi
On November 5, 1996 President Farooq laghari Dismissed Benazir Bhutto

government on charges of corruption and extra judicial killings

Nawaz Sharif won 1997 elections and became the prime minister for second

term
 Benazir Bhutto & Nawaz Sharif Governments
(1988-1999)

On My 11, 1998 India held series of nuclear tests and threatened to occupy Azad

Kashmir
Pakistan responded by conducting nuclear tests on May 28, 1998

Kargil war erupted in 1999 which put country on back foot in front of International

community
Nawaz Sharif tried to dismiss the army chief Pervez Musharraf for his role in Kargil war

According to Lt Gen (retd) Shahid Aziz, the Kargil operation was known only to Gen

Pervez Musharraf, chief of general staff Lt Gen Mohammad Aziz, FCNA (Force
Command Northern Areas) commander Lt Gen Javed Hassan and 10-Corps commander
Lt Gen Mahmud Ahmad. (Gang of four)
On October 1999 Nawaz Sharif was ousted in a coup led by General Pervez Musharraf
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