NETWORKS

Group 8 Members:
Oso, Reniel Marillosa Camacho, Regine Arevalo
Bigcas, Angelo Besana Olete, John Mark Oglemen
DEPORTIVO LA CORUÑA Boje, Arlyn Mendoza Oseta, Sindy Valguna
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Introduction
II. Communication Networks
i. Types of Communication Networks
ii. Network Topologies
III. Introduction to Computer Networks
IV. Local Area Network (LAN)
V. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 INTRODUCTION

In the world of computers, networking is the practice of linking two

or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data.
Networks are built with a combination of computer hardware and
computer software. Networks can be categorized in several different
ways. One method defines the type of a network according to the
geographic area it spans. Alternatively, networks can also be classified
based on topology or on the types of protocols they support.
COMMUNICATION NETWORK
 COMMUNICATION NETWORK

What is Communication Network?

A communication network is the pattern of directions in which information
flows in the organization. Channels of communication (networks by which
information flows) are either formal networks or informal networks. Formal
networks follow the authority chain and are limited to task-related
communications. The informal network (grapevine) is free to move in any
direction, skip authority levels, and is as likely to satisfy group members' social
needs as it is to facilitate task accomplishments.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION NETWORK

• Circle
• Chain
• Wheel
• The Y
• All-channel
 CIRCLE NETWORK

• The circle has no leader, here there

is total equality. Each member of the
circle has exactly the same authority
or power to influence the group.
CHAIN NETWORK
• The chain network is similar to the
circle network except that the end
members may communicate with
only one person each.
 WHEEL NETWORK
• Wheel network is a centralized network.
Preferred by organization where
headquarters are totally in charge. It is
also low overall satisfaction. Leader is
very clear. It is effective in simple task if,
members accept the leader’s authority.
Y-PATTERN NETWORK
• The Y pattern is somewhat less
centralized than the wheel, but more
centralized than some of the other
patterns
 ALL CHANNEL NETWORK
• All channel network is decentralized network. It is
more democratic, but can be very slow. Everyone can
interact with all, leadership is unclear as it is shared
by all members. This performance in simple task is
low, as it takes longer time than normal. This pattern
allows for the greatest member participation.
Communication through these network occurs often
but not always face to face. Messages may be written
in informal memos or in formal letters and reports.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
What is a Network Topology?
Network topology is the description of the arrangement of nodes (e.g.
networking switches and routers) and connections in a network, often represented
as a graph.
A logical network topology is a conceptual representation of how devices
operate at particular layers of abstraction. A physical topology details how devices
are physically connected. Logical and physical topologies can both be represented
as visual diagrams.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

A network topology map is a map that allows an administrator to see the

physical network layout of connected devices. Having the map of a network’s
topology on hand is very useful for understanding how devices connect to each
other and the best techniques for troubleshooting.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

There are six different types of network topology, namely;

• Bus Topology
• Ring Topology
• Star Topology
• Tree Topology
• Mesh Topology
• Hybrid Topology
 BUS TOPOLOGY
Simple layout and cheap but vulnerable to failure and only suitable for low
traffic volumes.
 BUS TOPOLOGY
Bus topology is a network type where every device is connected to a single cable that runs
from one end of the network to the other. This type of network topology is often referred to as line
topology. In a bus topology, data is transmitted in one direction only. If the bus topology has two
endpoints then it is referred to as a linear bus topology.
 RING TOPOLOGY
In networks with ring topology, computers are connected to each other in a circular
format. Every device in the network will have two neighbors and no more or no less.
 RING TOPOLOGY
The first node is connected to the last node to link the loop together. As a
consequence of being laid out in this format packets need to travel through all
network nodes on the way to their destination.
Within this topology, one node is chosen to configure the network and monitor
other devices. Ring topologies are half-duplex but can also be made full-duplex.
To make ring topologies full-duplex you would need to have two connections
between network nodes to form a Dual Ring Topology.
RING TOPOLOGY
DUAL RING TOPOLOGY

If ring topologies are configured to be

bidirectional then they are referred to as
dual ring topologies. Dual ring topologies
provide each node with two connections,
one in each direction. Thus, data can flow
in
a clockwise or counterclockwise directio
n.
 STAR TOPOLOGY

A star topology is a topology where

every node in the network is connected
to one central switch. Every device in
the network is directly connected to the
switch and indirectly connected to every
other node.
 STAR TOPOLOGY

The relationship between these elements is that the central network hub is a
server and other devices are treated as clients. The central node has the
responsibility of managing data transmissions across the whole network and acts
as a repeater. With star topologies, computers are connected with a coaxial cable,
twisted pair, or optical fiber cable.
 TREE TOPOLOGY
A tree topology network is a structure that is shaped like a tree with its many
branches. Tree topologies have a root node that is connected to another node
hierarchy.
 TREE TOPOLOGY

The hierarchy is parent-child where there is only one mutual connection

between two connected nodes. As a general rule, a tree topology needs to have
three levels to the hierarchy to be classified this way. This form of topology
is used within Wide Area Networks to sustain lots of spread-out devices.
MESH TOPOLOGY
 MESH TOPOLOGY
A mesh topology is a point-to-point connection where nodes are
interconnected. In this form of topology, data is transmitted via two
methods: routing and flooding. Routing is where nodes use routing logic to work
out the shortest distance to the packet’s destination. In contrast, flooding is where
data is sent to all nodes within the network. Flooding doesn’t require any form of
routing logic to work.
 MESH TOPOLOGY

There are two forms of mesh topology: partial mesh topology and full mesh

topology. With partial mesh topology, most nodes are interconnected but there are
a few which are only connected to two or three other nodes. A full mesh topology
is where every node is interconnected.
HYBRID TOPOLOGY
 HYBRID TOPOLOGY
When a topology is composed of two or more different topologies it is referred
to as a hybrid topology. Hybrid topologies are most-commonly encountered in
larger enterprises where individual departments have network topologies that
different from another topology in the organization. Connecting these topologies
together will result in a hybrid topology. As a consequence, the capabilities and
vulnerabilities depend on the types of topology that are tied together.
COMPUTER NETWORK
 COMPUTER NETWORK

WHAT IS A COMPUTER NETWORK?

A computer network, also referred to as a data network, is a series of
interconnected nodes that can transmit, receive and exchange data, voice and video
traffic. Examples of nodes in a network include servers or modems. Computer
networks commonly help endpoint users share resources and communicate.
 COMPUTER NETWORK

WHAT IS A COMPUTER NETWORK?

They commonly appear all over the place, such as homes, offices and
government administrations. The use of computer networks can overcome
geographic barriers and enable the sharing of information. Computer networks
enable the usage and sharing of any number of applications and services, including
emails, video, audio and plenty of other types of data, over the internet.
 TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK

One way to categorize the different types of computer network designs is by

their scope or scale. For historical reasons, the networking industry refers to nearly
every type of design as some kind of area network. Types of networks are:
• LAN - Local Area Network
• WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
• WAN - Wide Area Network
• MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
 TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK

• SAN - Storage Area Network, System Area Network, Server Area Network, or
sometimes Small Area Network
• CAN - Campus Area Network, Controller Area Network, or sometimes Cluster
Area Network
• PAN - Personal Area Network
• DAN –Desk Area Network
LOCAL AREA NETWORK
 LOCAL AREA NETWORK
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a group of computers or other devices
interconnected within a single, limited area, typically via Ethernet or Wi-Fi.
 LOCAL AREA NETWORK

What is a Local Area Network?

A LAN is a computer network that consists of access points, cables, routers,
and switches that enable devices to connect to web servers and internal servers
within a single building, campus, or home network, and to other LANs via Wide
Area Networks (WAN) or Metropolitan Area Network (MAN). Devices on a LAN,
typically personal computers and workstations, can share files and be accessed by
each other over a single Internet connection.  
 LOCAL AREA NETWORK

How Does Local Area Network Work?

The function of Local Area Networks is to link computers together and provide
shared access to printers, files, and other services. Local area network architecture
is categorized as either peer-to-peer or client-server. On a client-server local area
network, multiple client-devices are connected to a central server, in which
application access, device access, file storage, and network traffic are managed. 
 LOCAL AREA NETWORK

Virtual Local Area Network

VLAN is the grouping of one or more LANs to communicate with each other, in fact,
those are located in a different LAN segment because it is based on logical instead of a
physical connection. VLAN allows the computer in the network and users to communicate
with each other and sharing in the broadcast domain. There are several devices such as
switches, bridges, HUB, servers are connected together and process the data transfer in the
network is known as LAN. The several LAN are connected virtually to work in a group is
known as VLAN.
 LOCAL AREA NETWORK

Types of VLAN
• Management VLAN - It is a separate VLAN set up for management traffic like
system/application logging, monitoring, and other management-related sensitive tasks.
• Data VLAN - The data VLAN is also called as user VLAN because it is designed
only for user-generated data. The network can be designed based on a group of users or
workgroups.
 LOCAL AREA NETWORK

Types of VLAN
• Voice VLAN - The organization using the voice over IP (VoIP) with the help of a
separate voice VLAN. It will preserve the bandwidth of other applications and need to
ensure voice quality.
• Default VLAN - The default VLAN can be referred to as two types. The first one is
referred to all the ports on the device is belong to one when the switch is on. On the
second one refers, some network manager is configured with the VLAN based on all the
ports are assigned even when the switch is not in used.
 LOCAL AREA NETWORK

Types of VLAN
• Native VLAN - The native VLAN is one the untagged traffic accept when it is received
on the trunk port. This is most commonly used for the legacy or unsupported devices
which didn’t tag. It is most likely a wireless access point to the network.
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK

What is a metropolitan area network (MAN)?

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large computer network that
usually spans a city or a large campus. A MAN is optimized for a larger
geographical area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of buildings to entire
cities.
MAN Networks are formed by connecting multiple LANs. Thus,  MAN
Networks are larger than LANs but smaller than wide-area networks (WAN).
 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
How Does a Metropolitan Area Network Work?
Metropolitan Area Network is larger than LAN and smaller than WAN. It is
generally applied to connect geographically dispersed LANs. Therefore the goal of
MAN is to develop a communication link between two independent LAN nodes.
A MAN Network is usually established using optical fiber. The network is
established using routers and switches. A switch is a port which is active in
handling the filtration of data usually coming in the form of frames. Any switch
acts as a dual-port, at one end it is handling filtration of data and at the other end
managing connections.
 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK

How Does a Metropolitan Area Network Work?

The router is another device for facilitating the network connection. A router
helps the data packets to identify the path to be taken. Hence, in other words, it
keeps an eye on the data transfer. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) is usually
operated over an area of up to 5 to 50kms.
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK

Characteristics of Metropolitan Area Network

• Network size generally ranges from 5 to 50 km. It may be as small as a group of
buildings on campus to as large as covering the whole city.
• In general, a MAN is either owned by a user group or by a network provider who
sells service to users, rather than a single organization as in LAN.
 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
Uses of Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Some of the Uses of MAN are;
• Digital cable television
• Used in government agencies
• University campuses
• Radio Networks
• In airports
• Telecommunication
DISCUSSION
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communication-networks-12761.html#:~:text=A%20communication%20network%20is%20the,limited%20to%2
0task%2Drelated%20communications
.
• https://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/networking-tutorials/network-topologies-explained-with-examples.h
tml
• https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/network#:~:text=A%20computer%20network%2C%20
also%20referred,users%20share%20resources%20and%20communicate
• https://www.omnisci.com/technical-glossary/local-area-network
• https://www.educba.com/types-of-vlan/
• https://www.comparitech.com/net-admin/network-topologies-advantages-disadvantages/
• https://computernetworktopology.com/metropolitan-area-network/
• https://www.educba.com/metropolitan-area-network/?source=leftnav