Introduction

Today in IT I am going to talk about

• Chapter 10 Acids & Alkali in chemistry
• Chapter 5 Living things in their environment in biology
Chemistry
In this subject we are going to see :
• Acids & Alkali
• Alkali
• Acids
Acids & Alkali
• Acid = word acid from acidus ( latin
word = sour )
• Alkali = word developed from Al-
qaliy (Arabic word = Ashes)
• Define Acid
• An acid is a substance that generates
hydrogen ions or protons in aqueous
(solution)
• Define Alkali
• A base is a substance that generates
hydroxide (OH-) ions in aqueous
 Alkali

• Calcium hydroxide is also called slaked lime and is used

in many industries to make products such as bleach
and white wash.
• A weak solution of calcium hydroxide is used in lab,
where it is known as lime water.
• It is used to test for carbon dioxide gas. If this gas
passes through lime water, it turns the lime water
milky.
 Acids
Ethanoic acid is found in vinegar and produced as wine becomes sour.

If wine is uncorked
Ethanol Ethanoic
in wine acid sour
Acids in Plant origins Acids in Animal origins

Citric acid in orange and lemon juice. Hydrochloric acid in mammalian

stomach .
Tartaric acid in grapes. Lactic acid in muscles during vigorous
exercise.
Ascorbic acid ( vitamin C ) in citrus Uric acid in urine.
fruits and blackcurrants.
Methanolic acid in nettle stings Methanolic acid in ant stings
Biology
In this subject we are going to see :
• What is Ecology ?
• Key words in ecology and their meanings
• Types of things used to measure how many organisms are in
the environment
What is Ecology ?
• Ecology is a branch of biology that studies the interactions of living things with each other with
the environment
• Ecology comes from the Greek word
• Oikos ,“home”
• Logos , “to study”
Key words in ecology
and their meanings
• Habitat : is the home of a plant or animal – the place
where it lives
• Community : is formed by all the plants and animals
living in a habitat . Eg : Wood land – Europe deer ,
wood peckers , oak trees and bluebells .
• Environment : is every thing around a living thing that
could affect its survival .
Biotic factors – living things
Abiotic factors- non - living things (wind ,
temperature , light and water)
• Ecosystem : is made up from the community of living
things and the abiotic factors
 Types of things used to measure how
many organisms are in the
environment

There are two types , they are :

• Quadrat
• Transect
 Quadrat
• Square frame of a standard area –
usually 1
• Often divided into smaller squares , like
a grid
• Used by throwing on the floor and
counting the organisms inside it
• You can also use it to estimate the
percentage of the ground covered by a
particular species
 Transect
• A tape that is laid across an environment – often just a measure tape
• Can be used to count the organisms’ distribution
• Can lay quadrats along the transect at regular intervals and record
distribution of organisms
THANK YOU