Identification of types of variable

Developing Hypothesis
 Variables
• A variable is generally a symbol to which we
assign numerals or values.

• Research problems requires identification of

the key variables under the particular study.
A VARIABLE is a measurable characteristic that
varies. It may change from group to group,
person to person, or even within one person
over time. Example of variable are age, sex,
education, area, occupation etc.,
 Dependent variable
The most important variable to be studied and
analysed in research study is the dependable
variable.
A dependent variable is exactly what it sounds
like. It is something that depends on other
factors.
 Independent Variable
Any variable that can be stated as influencing
or impacting the dependent variable is
referred to as an independent variable
• Example in the Hawthorne study in the first
experiment that is the Illumination
experiment they wanted to find out the
relationship between the impact of light on
productivity. In this hypothesis the
independent variable is Light and the
dependent variable is productivity.
• Dependent and Independent variables are
variables in mathematical modeling, statistical
modeling and experimental sciences. Dependent
variables receive this name because, in an
experiment, their values are studied under the
supposition or demand that they depend, by some
law or rule, on the values of other variables.
• A dependent variable is exactly what it sounds
like. It is something that depends on other factors.
For example, a test score could be a dependent
variable because it could change depending on
several factors such as how much you studied,
how much sleep you got the night before you took
the test, or even how hungry you were when you
took it. Usually when you are looking for a
relationship between two things you
• are trying to find out what makes the
dependent variable change the way it does.
 Moderating variable
• Moderating variables are the ones that have a
strong contingent effect on the relationship
between the independent and dependent
variables.
 Intervening variables
• Tuckman (1972) defines it as ‘that factor
which theoretically affects the observed
phenomena but cannot be seen, measured, or
manipulated, its effect must be inferred from
the effects on the independent variable and
moderator variables on the observed
phenomenon.
Extraneous variable
• Ask a question. Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you
want to answer. ...
• Do some preliminary research. ...
• Formulate your hypothesis. ...
• Refine your hypothesis. ...
• Phrase your hypothesis in three ways. ...
• Write a null hypothesis.
Framework
•
A research framework clearly illustrates the
structure of the research plan and helps the
researcher formulate relevant research
questions. ... This framework consists of the
key concepts of the research project and of
the assumed relationships between these
concepts.
• There are two kinds of framework used when
writing the background of a study, theoretical
and conceptual.
 Framework in Research
•It is the ‘blueprint’ or guide for a research (Grant &Osanloo, 2014). It is
‘borrowed’ by the researcher to build his/her own house.
It serves as the foundation upon which a research is constructed.
Sinclair (2007) compares the role of the theoretical framework to that of a map
or travel plan.
Brondizio, Leemans, and Solecki (2014) contend that it is
the specific theory or theories about aspects of human
endeavour that can be useful to the study of events.
It consists of theoretical principles, constructs, concepts,
and tenants of a theory (Grant & Osanloo, 2014).
It normally serves as the focus for the research study and
it is linked to the research problem under study.
 Importance of understanding theoretical
framework in Research
•It guides a researcher’s choice of research design and data analysis plan.
It provides a common worldview or lens from which to support one’s
thinking on the problem and analysis of data (Grant & Osanloo, 2014).
The theoretical framework guides and resonates with every aspect of the
research (Statement of the problem, Literature Review, Methodology,
Presentation and Discussion of Findings).
•The theoretical framework guides the kind of data to be collected (Lester,
2005).
It convinces readers that the study is not based on the personal instincts of
the researcher but rather on established theory gathered via credible
studies.
 examples
• Cognitive Theory
Behavioral Theory
• Human Environment Relations Theory
 Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework is composed of
a basic objective, fundamental concepts, and
recognition, measurement, and disclosure
concepts.
 Theoretical framework
• Any theoretical framework must comprise a
number of components, including a
conceptual model, a theory or theories, as
well as various concepts.
• It is logically developed described and
elaborated network of association among
variables identified through interviews,
observation and literature review
• Identifies the relationships among the
variables considered to the study of a
problem. Explains the theory underlying these
relationships describes the nature and the
direction of these relationships of the entire
research project.
Process of building theoretical framework

• Introducing definitions of the concepts

examined or variables
Developing a conceptual model that provides
a descriptive representation of the theory
developed
Introducing a theory that provides an
explanation of relationships between the
variables in the model
Components of Theoretical Framework
• Variables relevant to the study
• Relationships among variables
• Nature and direction of the relationship based on
previous research.
• Positive ? Negative? Explanation of why we
would expect these relationships to exist A
schematic diagram of the theoretical framework
to visualize the theorized relationships (visual
model)
• Any theoretical framework must comprise a
number of components, including a
conceptual model, a theory or theories, as
well as various concepts and pr opositions.
Consumer Behaviour Model, Hawkins, 1998
How to construct a theoretical framework
• There is no one perfect or right theory for a dissertation,
though certain theories are popular (Grant & Osanloo, 2014).
The theory must reflect the understanding of the researcher
regarding the study and must direct the study (Simon & Goes,
2011).
• A predictive model for turnover intentions
developed to explain the high rate of attrition
amongst BPO professionals. Once validated it
is of course possible to test if in different
contexts and differing respondent population.
 The turnover intention model
• The proposed model to predict turnover intention is
specified as mentioned below :
• TI = f(WE, OC, A, MS, TWE) where
• TI – Turnover intention
• WE - Work exhaustion
• OC – Organisational commitment
• A – Age
• MS – Marital status
• TWE – Total work experience
• The theoretical construct of work exhaustion
is influenced by Perceived Workload (PWL),
Fairness of Reward (FOR), Job Autonomy (JA)
and Work Family Conflict (WFC)
• This can be mathematically written as
• WE = f (PWL, FOR, JA, WFC)
• Organisational Commitment depends upon
Job Autonomy, Work Family Conflict, Fairness
of Reward and Work Exhaustion (WE)
• OC = f (JA, WFC, FOR, WE)
• Proposed model for turnover intention
• Diagrammatical model representation
 Understanding Concepts
• A concept is a bundle of meanings or
characteristics associated with certain events,
objects, conditions, situations, and behaviors
• Concepts have been developed over time
through shared usage
 Understanding Concepts
• The success of research hinges on:
– how clearly we conceptualize
– how well others understand the concepts
we use
• Constructs are measured with multiple
variables. Constructs exist at a higher level of
abstraction than concepts. Justice, Beauty,
Happiness, and Health are all constructs.
Constructs are considered latent variable
because they cannot be directly observable or
measured.
• Research framework will be for implementing
the steps taken throughout the research. It is
normally used as a guide for researchers so
that they are more focused in the scope of
their studies.
Research the systematic investigation into and
study of materials and sources in order to
establish facts and reach new conclusions.
 Type of Research
Quantitative research
Quantitative research is referred to as
the process of collecting as well as analyzing
numerical data. It is generally used to find
patterns, averages, predictions, as well as
cause-effect relationships between the
variables being studied.
 Quantitative Data
•A jug of milk holds one gallon.
•The painting is 14 inches wide and 12 inches long.
•The new baby weighs six pounds and five ounces.
•A bag of broccoli crowns weighs four pounds.
•A coffee mug holds 10 ounces.
•John is six feet tall.
•A tablet weighs 1.5 pounds.
Eg electric vehicle
 Qualitative Research
• Qualitative research relies on data obtained by
the researcher from first-hand observation,
interviews, questionnaires, focus groups,
participant-observation, recordings made in
natural settings, documents, and artifacts. The
data are generally nonnumerical.
 Fundamental research is defined as basic and
applied research in the areas of science and
engineering where the resulting information
is intended to be published and shared
broadly within the scientific community.
 Exploratory Research
Exploratory research is defined as a research
used to investigate a problem which is not
clearly defined. It is conducted to have a
better understanding of the existing problem,
but will not provide conclusive results. ... Such
a research is usually carried out when the
problem is at a preliminary stage.
A study into the role of social networking sites
as an effective marketing communication
channel. 
An investigation into the ways of improvement
of quality of customer services within
hospitality sector.