Topic for the class : Routers and Gateways

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Module II: Ethernet
Date & Time : 17/02/2021

N.V.S.V.VIJAY KUMAR
Assistant Professor
Department of EECE.
GITAM Institute of Technology (GIT)
Visakhapatnam – 530045
Email: vnandam@gitam.edu
Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 1
 Session objectives

• To understand the Key components in a Computer Video Box Position

network.
• To understand the use of repeaters, hubs, bridges,
switches, in a Computer network

Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 2
 Session Outcomes
• students will be able to understand the Routers and
Gateways after hearing a class/ watching the video
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lecture.
• At the end of this lecture/ session, Students will be able
to understand application of repeaters, hubs,
bridges, switches, routers and Gateways used in a
Computer Network.

Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 3
 CONTENTS

Repeaters Video Box Position

Hubs
Bridges
Switches
Routers
Gateways

Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 4
 Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers, and
Gateways
(a) Which device is in which layer. (b) Frames, packets, and headers.

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Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 5
 Router

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 Routing Protocol

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A building with centralized wiring using hubs and
a switch.

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A building with centralized wiring using hubs and
a switch.
Hub : each port is isolated to be its own collision domain. if the
port has a full-duplex point-to-point line, the CSMA/CD
algorithm is not needed.
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When a frame arrives, the bridge extracts the destination
address from the frame header and looks it up in a table to see
where to send the frame.

Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 9
 Virtual LAN
VLAN (Virtual LAN). It has been standardized by the IEEE 802
committee and is now widely deployed in many organizations.
VLANs are based on VLAN-aware switches. To set up a VLAN- Video Box Position

based network, the network administrator decides how many

VLANs there will be, which computers will be on which VLAN, and
what the VLANs will be called. Often the VLANs are (informally)
named by colours, since it is then possible to print colour
diagrams showing the physical layout of the machines, with the
members of the red LAN in red, members of the green LAN in
green, and so on. In this way, both the physical and logical layouts
are visible in a single view.
Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 10
 Two VLANs, Gray and white, on a bridged LAN.

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 VLAN

The problem with the existing VLAN is sharing data

to the exact destination. As the V LANS are Video Box Position

connected with different Colour codes and the

Bridge will receive the frame and see that it came
from a machine on the gray VLAN so it will flood the
frame on all ports labelled G The frame will be sent
to the five other gray stations attached to bridge as
well as over the link from bridge to other bridge .

Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 12
 The IEEE 802.1Q Standard.

To overcome the problem in VLAN connected Networks

IEEE802.1Q is introduced. The VLAN fields are only actually
used by the bridges and switches and not by the user Video Box Position
machines. VLAN-aware computers generate tagged (i.e.,
802.1Q) frames directly, and further switching uses these
tags. The shaded symbols are VLAN-aware and the empty
ones are not. Additionally, the bridge can use the higher-
layer protocol to select the colour. In this way, frames
arriving on a port might be placed in different VLANs
depending on whether they carry IP packets or PPP frames.

Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 13
 The IEEE 802.1Q Standard.

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Bridged LAN that is only partly VLAN aware. The shaded symbols
are VLAN aware. The empty ones are not.

Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 14
 The IEEE 802.1Q Standard.

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802.1Q Ethernet frame formats.

The last field, CFI (Canonical format indicator), should have been called the CEI (Corporate ego
indicator). It was originally intended to indicate the order of the bits in the MAC addresses.

Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 15
 Conclusions

Discussed about Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Video Box Position

Switches, Routers and Gateways that are used in a
Computer Networks.

Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 16
 REFERENCE

1. Andrew S. Tanenbaum and David J Wetherall,

Computer Networks,
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2. TCP/IP and Advanced Topics, Through Coursera.
3. The Bits and Bytes of Computer Networking,
Through Coursera.

Saturday, February 19, 2022 Department of EECE, GIT ECS463: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS 17
 THANK YOU
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