Machine Design I

Chapter 4: Stress, Strain and Deflection

 CDM I
Machine Design I
• 4.10: Deflection in Beams
• 4.15: Stress Concentration
• 4.17: Stresses in Cylinders
 4.10 Deflection in
Beams
□ In addition to the stresses in a beam, a designer also needs to be concerned with its
deflection.

□ The bending deflection of a beam is calculated by double integration of the beam

equation.

□ The beam equation relates the applied moment M, the material’s modulus of
elasticity E, and the cross-section’s area moment of inertia I to the second
derivative of the beam deflection y.
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 4.10 Deflection in
Beams
□ Equation 4.17 can be differentiated and integrated twice to create the set of 5 equations which
define the beam behavior.

Load q

Shear Force V

Bending Moment M

Slope θ

Deflection y

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 4.10 Deflection in
Beams
□ The integral forms of the beam equations are:

Shear Function

Moment Function

Slope

Function

Deflection Function

□ The constants C1 and C2 are found from boundary conditions on the shear and moment
functions. In general C1 = C2 = 0.

□ The constants C3 and C4 are found from boundary conditions on the slope and deflection
functions.

Roller Pin Fixed Support

y=0 y=0 θ = 0 and 5
y=0
 4.10 Deflection in
Beams
Deflection by Singularity Functions

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 4.10 Deflection in
Beams
Deflection by Singularity Functions

V(0-)=V(L+)=0
M(0-)=M(L+)=
0

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 4.10 Deflection in
Beams
Deflection by Singularity Functions

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 4.15 Stress
Concentration
□ Previous discussion on stress distributions within loaded members assumed the
members’ cross sections to be uniform.
□ However, most real machine parts will have varying cross sections. For example,
shafts often are stepped to different diameters to accommodate bearings, gears,
pulleys, etc. A shaft may have grooves for snap-rings or O-rings or keyways and
holes for the attachment of other parts.
□ Any one of these changes in cross-sectional geometry will cause localized stress
concentrations.

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 4.15 Stress
Concentration
□ The amount of stress concentration in a particular geometry is denoted by a

geometric stress-concentration factor Kt for normal stresses, or as Kts for shear

stresses.
□ The maximum stress at a local stress-raiser is then defined as:

□ σnom and τnom are the nominal stresses calculated for the particular applied loading and
net cross section assuming a stress distribution across the section that would be
obtained for a uniform geometry.
□ In the beam of Figure 4.34, the nominal stress distribution is linear and at the outer
fiber, σnom=Mc / I.
□ The stress at the notches would then be σmax = Kt Mc /I.
□ The nominal stresses are calculated using the net cross section, which is reduced by
the notch geometry, i.e., using d instead of D as the width at the notches.

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 4.15 Stress
Concentration
Determining Geometric Stress-Concentration Factors

□ The theory of elasticity can be used to derive stress-concentration functions for some
simple geometries.
□ The figure below shows an elliptical hole in a semi-infinite plate subjected to axial
tension. The hole is assumed to be small compared to the plate and far removed from
the plate boundaries.
□ The nominal stress is calculated based on the applied force and the total area, σ nom = P
/A.
The theoretical stress-concentration factor at the edge of the hole was developed by Inglis’ in1913:

• a is the half-width of the ellipse

• c is the half-height.
• As the height of the hole approaches 0, creating a sharp-edged
crack, the stress concentration goes to infinity.
• When the hole is a circle, c = a and Kt = 3.

Plot of Kt as a function of c/a 11

 4.15 Stress
Concentration
Determining Geometric Stress-Concentration
Factors Stress Concentration Data
The best-known and most-referenced collection of stress concentration factor data is in
Peterson.

□ Figure 4.36 and Appendix C contain stress-concentration functions and their plots based
on data from the technical literature for a set cases commonly encountered in machine
design.

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 4.15 Stress
Concentration
Determining Geometric Stress-Concentration Factors

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 4.15 Stress
Concentration
Determining Geometric Stress-Concentration Factors

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 4.17 Stresses in
Cylinders
□ Cylinders are often used as pressure vessels /pipelines;
subjected to internal and/or external pressure.
□ Common applications are: air or hydraulic cylinders,
fluid storage tanks and pipes, and gun barrels. Some of
these devices are open-ended and some are closed-
ended.
□ If open-ended, a two-dimensional stress state will exist
in the cylinder walls, with radial and tangential (hoop)
stress components.
□ If close-ended, a third-dimensional stress called
longitudinal or axial will also be present.
□ These three applied stresses are mutually orthogonal
and are principal, since there is no applied shear from
the uniformly distributed pressure.
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 4.17 Stresses in
Cylinders
Thick-Walled Cylinders

□ The radial and tangential stresses on the annular differential element shown at
radius r element for an open-ended cylinder are given by Lame’s equation. These
stresses vary nonlinearly throughout the wall thickness.

ri and ro are the inside and outside radii, pi and po are the internal and external
pressures, respectively, and r is the radius to the point of interest.
□ If the ends of the cylinder are closed, the axial stress in the walls is:

The axial stress in the walls is uniform throughout the wall thickness and
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independent of r.
 4.17 Stresses in
Cylinders
Thick-Walled Cylinders

□ If the external pressure po = 0, then the equations reduce

to

and if closed-ended:

□ The distributions of these stresses across the wall thickness for p o = 0 are shown in
Figure below.

Under internal pressure, both are maximum at the inside surface. The tangential (hoop)
stress is tensile and the radial stress is 17
 4.17 Stresses in
Cylinders
Thin-Walled Cylinders

□ If wall thickness is less than about 1/10 of the radius (r/t > 10), the cylinder can be
considered thin-walled. The stress distribution across the wall thickness can be
approximated as uniform and the expressions of stress simplify to:

and if closed-ended:

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4.17 Stresses in
Cylinders

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Problems

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Problems

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Problems

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Problems

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 Problems

A simply supported beam is subjected to the combined loading shown in Figure. Using the
method of singularity function, determine the slope at support A and the deflection at B.

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