Motivation

Prof.Dr.Anjum Bano Kazimi

Date
Welcome!!
Motivation
WHAT IS MOTIVATION?
“The factors that directs and energize the behavior or humans and other
organisms”

Motivation Process

Identification of needs
Search for ways to satisfy needs
Engagement in goal directed behavior
Perform
Receives either reward or punishment
Reassessment of needs deficiencies
Instinct Approaches:
Born to Be Motivated

“Instincts are inborn pattern of behavior that are biologically determined

rather than learned”

Drive Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs

“Theories suggesting that lack of a basic biological requirement (such as,

water, hunger, sex) produces a drive to obtain or fulfill that requirement.”
Homeostasis
Clark Hull (1943) based his theory on the concept of Homeostasis, the body
actively works to maintain a certain state of balance or equilibrium.

“ Homeostasis is a body’s tendency to maintain a steady internal state“

Expectancy Theory:

Expectancy – a person’s belief that more effort will result in success

Instrumentality – the person’s belief that there is a connection between activity
and goal
Valence – the degree to which a person values the results of success

Motivation = Expectancy + Instrumentality + Valance

Cognitive Approaches:

The Thought Behind Motivation.

“Theories suggesting that motivation is a Product of people’s thoughts,
expectations, goals and their experience and understanding”.

There are two types of motivation.

Intrinsic motivation (motivation coming from within not from external rewards)
Extrinsic motivation (It based on obvious external rewards, obligations or
similar factors i.e. pay and grades)
McClelland’s Three Needs Theory

The Need for Achievement: Striving for Success

The Need for Affiliation: Striving for Friendship

The Need for Power: Striving for Impact on Others

People have varying levels of each of the three needs... Hard to measure
Achievement Motivation

What motivates us to work?

(School, job, sports, video games, relationships etc..)

Intrinsic Motivators
Rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction

Extrinsic Motivators
Reward that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves (grades or
money or etc..)
Work great in the short run.
Maslow’s Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational Needs

Maslow’s model places motivational needs

in a hierarchy and suggests that before more
sophisticated , higher-order needs can be
met, certain primary needs must be satisfied.
 Different Approach Comparison
Instinct
People and animals are born with preprogrammed sets of behaviors essential to
their survival
Drive reduction
A drive is produced when some basic biological requirement is lacking
Arousal
seeking an optimal level of stimulation. If the level of stimulation is too high, they
act to reduce it; if it is too low, they act to increase it.
Cognitive
Thoughts, expectations, and understanding of the world direct motivation.
Incentive
External stimuli direct and energize behavior
Hierarchy of Needs
Before higher-order needs are met, lower- order needs must be fulfilled.
 Thank you
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