Types of Research

Table of Contents

Page

I Historical Research 3

II Descriptive Research 10

III Experimental Reasearch 14

I Historical Research

Meaning

HIstorical Research or historical method of research is a

process of selecting the area or topic to write the history
about, collecting data about events that occured in the
area or about the topic, collating the data, sifting the
authentic from non-authentic, and then making an
interpretative narrative about or critical inquiry into the
whole truth of the events.

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I Historical Research

Major Activities

• Choosing and defining the

problem
• Collecting the data
• Critically analyzing the data
• Writing the research report

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I Historical Research

Choosing the Problem Collection of Historical Data

The researcher must consider his resources, availability of Historical data may come from written sources, orally
data, time constraint, and his professional competence. transmitted materials, artistic production, tape recordings,
relics and remains.
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I Historical Research

Critical Analysis of Historical Data

Internal Criticism - the process of determining the true

External Criticism - used to determine the authenticity or meaning and value of statements contained in a document.

genuineness of a historical document. Factors considered It is positive if efforts are made to discover the true meaning

are authorship, time, place, purpose, and circumstances or of the contents of a document. It is negative if efforts are

composition, and what part of the document is true to the exerted in finding reasons for disbelieving the contents of

original. the documents. 6

I Historical Research

Causative Interpretation of History

Factors believed to cause the happenings of historical event:

• General philosophies of history - broader in scope and do not lend

themselves to pragmatic tests of workability.
• Specific schools of historical interpretation:
• The personal, biographical, or "great-man" theory
• The spiritual or idealistic interpretation of history
• The scientific and technological theory
• The economic school of historical interpretation
• The geographical theory
• The sociological interpretation of history
• The relatively recent synthetic, eclectic, pluralistic, or "collective 7
psychological" theory
I Historical Research

Guidelines to Effective Writing of Historical Research

• Mastery of materials
• Working outline
• Progression
• Emphasis on major elements
• Art of narration
• Dramatization, rhetoric and style
Characteristics of Historical Research
• Observations in historical research cannot be repeated in the same manner
as in laboratory experiments and descriptive surveys.
• The researcher must find satisfaction in spending vast amounts of time in
the library and in pursuing minute details in relation to the topic under
study.
• A historical projects is usually conducted by one person.
• A hypothesis is not always necessary in historical research.
• The writing style of the written report tends to be more flexible.
• Data are often ideas, concepts, and opinions. 8
I Historical Research

Sample Researches

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II Descriptive Research

Descriptive research describes what is. it involves

the description, recording, analysis, and
interpretation of the present nature, composition or
processes of phenomena. - Manuel and Medel

Descriptive research is fact-finding with adequate

interpretation. It is something more beyond just
data-gathering. - Aquino

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II Descriptive Research

Characteristics of Descriptive Research

• Descriptive research ascertains prevailing conditions of • Comparisons of the characteristics of two groups or
facts in a group or ease under study. cases may be made to determine their similarities and
indifferences.

• It gives either a qualitative or quantitative, or both, • The variables or conditions studied in descriptive
description of the general characteristics of the group or research are not usually controlled.
case under study. • Descriptive studies, except in case studies, are generally
• What caused the prevailing conditions is not cross-sectional, that is, it studies the different sections
emphasized. belonging to the same group.

• Study of conditions at different periods of time may be

made and the change or progress that took place • Studies on prevailing conditions may or can be repeated

between the periods may be noted or evaluated for any for purposes of verification and comparison.

value it gives.
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II Descriptive Research
Techniques under Descriptive Method of Research

Survey Case Study Content Analysis

It is a fact-finding study with adequate and Case study involves a comprehensive Content analysis is a research
accurate interpretation. It is used to collect
and extensive examination of a technique for the objective,
demographic data about people's behavior,
particular individual, group or systematic, and quantitative
practices, intentions, and the like, and then
such data are analyzed, organized and
situation over a period of time. description of the manifest content of
interpreted. (Mckee nd Robertson, 1975) communication. (Berelson)
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II Descriptive Research

Sample Researches

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III Experimental Research

The experimental method of research is defined by Good as a method or

procedure involving the control or manipulation of conditions for the purpose
of studying the relative effects of various treatments applied to members of a
sample, or of the same treatment applied to members of different samples.

Manuel and Medel explained that the baic purpose of experimental research
is to discover the influence of one or more factors upon a condition, group, or
situation, purpose of which is to discover "what will be".
III Experimental Research

Concepts of Causation

One-to-One Relationship Two-variable Relationship Complex Relationsship

According to this concept of This involves two variable causing This is a case where two or more
causation, for every particular an effect upon one variable. variabbles cause a single effect.
cause there is a corresponding
particular effect.
III Experimental Research

Sample Researches
The End

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