FIVE MAJOR RESEARCH DESIGNS
• Sorting/Integration
1. The ethnographic approach to qualitative
research comes largely from the field of
anthrolopogy. The emphasis in an ethnography is
on studying an entire culture. Originally,the idea
of a culture was tied to the notion of ethnicity and
geographic location (e.g.,culture
of Panay Islands), but it has been broadened to
include virtually any group or organization
ETHNOGRAPHY
Purpose- to describe a culture’ characteristics
Method
• Identify culture, variables for study, and review
literature
• Data collection-gain entrance to culture; immerse
self in culture; acquire
Key Stages of Ethnographic Research
• Stage One: Research Question
• Stage Two: Participant Observation
• Stage Three: Making Field Notes
• Stage Four: Reflection and the Writing Up of
Field Notes
• Stage Five: Interviewing
• Stage Six: Interpretation of Interviews
• Stage Seven: Writing Up the Ethnographic
Research
2. Phenomenology comes from academic
disciplines of philosophy and psychology, and
it is based upon the work of the 20th-century
philosopher Edmund Husserl, which was
then later developed by Heidegger. (Van Manen,
1990)
PHENOMENOLOGY
Purpose-to describe the experiences as they are
lived
• examines the uniqueness of individual’s lived
situations
• each person has own reality, reality is subjective
Research Question Development
• What does the existence of feeling or
experience indicate concerning the
phenomenon to be explored?
• What are necessary and sufficient constituents of
feeling or experience?
• What is the nature of the human being?
Method
• No clearly defined steps to avoid limiting
creativity of researcher
• Sampling and data collection
➢ Seek persons who understand study and are
willing to express inner feelings and experiences
➢ Describe experiences of phenomenon
➢ Direct observation
➢ Audio or videotape
• Methodology of Phenomenology
a. Bracketing-process of identifying and holding in
abeyance any preconceived beliefs and opinions
that one may have about phenomenon that is
being researched
b. Intuition-occurs wen the researcher remains
open to the meaning attributed to the
phenomenology those who have experienced it.
c. Analysis-involves process such as coding (open,
axial, and selective), categorizing and making
sense of the essential meanings of the
phenomenon
3. Grounded theory is a qualitative research
approach that was originally developed by Glaser
and Strauss in the 1960s. The self-defined purpose
of grounded theory is to develop a theory about
phenomena of interest. But it is not just abstract
theorizing they’re talking about. Instead , the
theory needs to be grounded or rooted in
observation-hence the term. (Trochim, 2006)
Grounded Theory
Purpose-theory development
• Used in discovering what problems exist in a
social science and how persons handle them
• Involves formulation, testing and redevelopment
of propositions until a theory is developed
Stages of Grounded Theory
• Data collection
• Note taking
• Coding (open, axial, selective) into categories
and properties
• Memoing
• Writing (Glasser & Strauss, 1967)
Advantages of Grounded Theory
• systematic and rigorous procedure
• rich data from the experiences of individuals
(Glaser & Strauss, 1967)
4. The historical approach “is employed by
researchers who are interested in reporting events
and/or conditions that occurred in the past. An
attempt is made to establish facts in order to
arrive at conclusions concerning past events or
predict future events.” (Key, 1997)
Historical
Purpose-describe and examine events of the past
to understand the present and anticipate potential
effects
Method
• Formulate idea-select topic after reading related
literature
• Develop research questions
• Develop an inventory of sources-archives,
private libraries, papers
• Clarify validity and reliability of data-primary
sources, authenticity, biases
• Develop research outline to organize
investigative process
• Collect data
Analysis-synthesis of all data; accept and reject
data; reconcile conflicting evidence
Outcomes-select means of presentation-biography,
chronology, issue paper
Examples of Historical Research
1. A study of the factors leading to the historical
development and growth of
cooperative learning
2. A study of the effects of the historical decisions
of the Philippine Supreme Court on Philippine
prisons
3. A study of the evolution of print journalism in
the Philippines through a study of collections of
newspapers (BCPS, 2010)
5. A case study is an intensive study of a specific
individual or specific context. For instance, Freud
developed case studies of several individuals as
the basis for the theory of psychoanalysis and
Piaget did case studies of children to study
developmental
phases. (Trochim, 2006)
Case Study
Purpose-describe in-depth the experience of one
person, family, group, community, or institution
Method
• Direct observation and interaction with subject
Analysis-synthesis of experience Outcomes-in-
depth description of the experience
Purpose-describe in-depth the experience of one
person, family, group, community, or institution
Method
• Direct observation and interaction with subject
Analysis-synthesis of experience Outcomes-in-
depth description of the experience
8. What are the demographic profile and
migratory adaptations of squatter families in
Barangay Cutcut, Angeles City (Dela Cruz, 1994)?
9. What were the experiences of Filipino people
during the declaration of Martial Law in
the time of Marcos’ rule?
10. How did the Reming survivors recover from the
physical devastation and haunting memories
brought about by the typhoon?
II. Word Web
Directions: Create a word web of the different
research designs. Follow the instructions below.
1. Take a long size bond paper and draw a circle.
2. Then, draw five more circles around the central
circle.
3. Draw arrows pointing from the central circle to
the outer circles.

4. The outer circles should contain key words that Prepared by:
ACTIVITY make you understand the research
design well.
I. What design fits me?
Directions: Read and analyze each question and
identify what research design is appropriate for
each. Choose your answers from the choices in the
box. Write the letter of the correct answer in a ½
sheet of paper.
1. What were the roles of women in the
Katipunan? Department of Education
2. What are the effects of cyber bullying among
victims? Region V
Division of Camarines Sur
3. What are the effects of having absentee parents GOA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Goa, Camarines Sur
to students?
4. What coping mechanisms do patients employ
after major surgery? Practical Research 2
5. What are the spending practices of parents with FIVE MAJOR RESEARCH DESIGNS
children attending college? MR. MARLON A. DELA CRUZ
6. What are the reactions of parents towards the MT-II
new normal setting in education during the
pandemic?
7. What are the trainings of Aeta teachers from MRS. ROSEMARIE C. LUZADA
Cantillejos, Zambales for the past ten years to PRINCIPAL
provide insights into the formulation of a teacher
education model for indigenous people?