Introduction to CAD/CAM

Haider Ali
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

ME-337 CAD/CAM (2+1)

COURSE CONTENTS
• CAD
▫ Fundamentals of CAD
▫ Hardware in CAD
▫ Computer Graphics software and data base
▫ Mathematical Elements of CAD
▫ Finite Element Analysis
• CAM
▫ Conventional Numerical Control
▫ NC Part Programming
▫ Computer Controls in NC
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Time Table
Timing Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

CAD/CAM (Th) CAD/CAM (Th)

08:00 - 09:00 08:00-09:00 08:00-09:00
(LR-4)   (LR-4) 

09:30 - 10:30    

11:00 – 12:00      

12:30 - 01:00 Break

CAD/CAM (Pr)
01:00 - 04:00     Computer Lab  
(Civil)
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Lecture Plan
• CAD
▫ Introduction to CAD – 2
▫ Fundamentals of CAD – 2
▫ Hardware in CAD – 2
▫ Computer Graphics Software and Data Base – 3
▫ Mathematical Elements of CAD – 3
▫ Finite Element Analysis – 3
• CAM
▫ Conventional Numerical Control – 3
▫ NC part Programming – 6
▫ Computer Controls in NC - 4
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Your Companion
• Text Book
▫ Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing
by M. P. Groover & E. W. Zimmers 1986
▫ A First Course in Finite Element Method
by Daryl L. Logan 2007
• Reference Text
▫ CAD/CAM Principles and Applications
by P. N. Rao 2nd edition
▫ Computer integrated Design and Manufacturing
by David D. B. Edworth 1997
▫ HT Mastering CAD/CAM 1st ed.
by Ibrahim ZeidTH McGraw-Hill
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Layout
• Product Cycle
• Traditional Approach
• CAD/CAM – Introduction
• Role of Computers
• Computer Aided Design (CAD)
▫ Stages in Design Process
▫ Advantages of CAD
• Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
▫ Advantages of CAM
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Product Cycle
• How Product Idea Originates???
▫ Market forces determine the need for a product
• What Expertise in Company Do?
▫ Estimates likely demand
▫ Probable profitability
▫ Decides best modes of design and manufacturing
 Traditional approach
 Computer aided Design/Manufacturing (CAD/CAM)
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Traditional Approach
• Design
• Production
▫ Feasibility of production of particular product
▫ Process Planning (lowest cost)
 Any redesign – improving the productability
▫ Implement (Tooling required, New tool aquirement, Procurement of
raw materials, detailed operational instructions to the shop floor)
▫ No Common Data Base
▫ No Module editability (modules from different vendors – information
is properly transmitted, data updation in all modules in time)
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Traditional Approach
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

CAD/CAM – Introduction
• CAD – Computer Aided Design
• CAM – Computer Aided Manufacturing
“It is the technology concerned with use of
digital computers to perform certain functions
in design and production”
• Near Future: Integration of two gives the
Computer-Integrated Factory
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Why Computers
• Short Lead times
• Short Product Lives
• Increasing consumer awareness

• Computers are now cheaper due to

microelectronics cheaper rates
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Computer Aided Design (CAD)

“It is the use of computer systems to assist in the creation,
modification, analysis or optimization of a design.”
• Hardware Consists of Hardware and Software in
Computers
▫ Hardware: input/output devices i.e., mouse, keyboard,
Monitors etc
▫ Software: Design/Computational Software
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

“It is the use of computer systems to plan, manage and control the
operations of a manufacturing plant through either direct or indirect
computer interface with the plant’s production resources.”
• Direct Contact: Computer monitoring and control of the
manufacturing process
▫ Computer Monitoring and Control
▫ Computer Process Control
Process Data
Computer Process Computer Process
Process Data Control Signals

Computer Monitoring Computer Control

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

“It is the use of computer systems to plan, manage and control the operations of a
manufacturing plant through either direct or indirect computer interface with the
plant’s production resources.”

• Direct Contact: Computer monitoring and control of the manufacturing

process
▫ Computer Monitoring and Control
▫ Computer Process Control
• Indirect Contact: Manufacturing support applications
▫ Deals essentially with the preparations for actual manufacturing and post-
manufacturing operations
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Role of Computers
• Direct Contact: Control and Monitoring
• Support functions
▫ CAD: computer aided design
▫ CADD: computer aided design and drafting (drawings also)
▫ CAE: computer aided engineering (support error checking, analysis,
optimisation, manufacturability
▫ CAM: computer aided manufacturing
▫ CAPP: computer aided process planning, process plans for the complete
manufacture of products and parts
▫ CATD: computer aided tool design i.e., jigs, fixtures, dies, moulds
▫ CAP: computer aided planning material planning, CA scheduling
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Influence of Computers
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

• Use of Computers
• Common Data Base
• All modules will share database created in any
module and can edit it for particular application
• Reduce work, maintain product database &
include latest modification in manufacturing
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Computer Aided Design/Manufacturing (CAD/CAM)

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

CAD/CAM Common Database

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Computer Aided Design (CAD)

• Design
▫ Well organised activity that takes into account all influences
responsible for success of product under development
▫ Product: single functional component
▫ Complexity of design: increases with number and diversity of
components
• Influencing Factors
▫ Large number of factors
▫ Depend on the product type
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Faculty for Common Guidlines

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Stages in Design Process

Definition of geometric model

Definition translation

Design
changes Geometric modeling

Interface algorithm

Design and analysis algorithm

Drafting and detailing

Documentation

To CAM process
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Advantages of CAD Technology

• Faster and more accurate than Traditional
• Construction Facilities: Make Development of model and drafting easy tasks
▫ Manipulate dimensions, attributes and distances of drawing elements
• No need of remodeling – option for copying designs and drawings
• Calculate properties like dimensions without actually making their model
and profiles
• Modification of model is easy task
• Components can be saved in common data base (Part library) to be
reproduced and used later.
• 3D models attractive for visualization
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

• Continuous Flow Processes
▫ Continuous Dedicated Production of large amount of bulk product
 Continuous chemical plants/oil refineries
• Mass Production
▫ Large Lots
 Automobiles, House Hold Items
• Batch Production
▫ Medium Lot Sizes
 Industrial Machines, Aircrafts
• Job Shop Production
▫ Small Lots or One Off
 Prototypes
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

• Mass Production
▫ Range is high
 Few thousands to millions per annum
▫ Special Purpose Machines and Transfer Lines
▫ High degree of accuracy
 Applicable for single product only
▫ High Lead Time
 Product Design stage to setting up Manufacturing facility
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

• Batch Production
▫ Medium Lots 100-1000
▫ No transfer lines
▫ Special Purpose machines
 Upgradeable with jigs and fixtures
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

• Job Shop Production
▫ Very small Lots or One Off
▫ No Special Type Machines
▫ General Purpose Machines
▫ Very Lengthy and Error Prone
▫ Prototypes, Tool Making
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Advantages of CAM
• Greater Design Freedom
• Increased Productivity
• Greater Operating Flexibility
• Shorter Lead Time
• Improved Reliability
• Reduced Maintenance
• Reduced Scrap and Rework
• Better Management Rework
Lower Total Cost & Higher Final Earnings
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22

Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)

• Links all the Manufacturing Processes
• Information is shared
• Common Database
• Reduction of Waste
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, WEC 3/8/22