ANIMAL PRODUCTION

AND INDUSTRY

MA TRICIA LAGUMEN, DVM

CONSTRAINTS TO IMPROVE ANIMAL
PRODUCTION IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
THREE MAIN ACTEGORIES:

a. Ecological Factor
b. Biological Factor
c. Socio-Economic Factor
A. ECOLOGICAL FACTOR
Land and climate

- Land topography
- Soil fertility
- Rainfall
- Temperature
- Plant growing season
BIOLOGICAL FACTOR
Feed and water supply

Animal diseases
Genotype
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTOR (Complex)
Sypply-demand relationship
Input-output ratio
Prices
Cultural, Religious, political aspects
WHAT ARE THE DIRECT EFFECT OF
HIGH TEMPERATURE IN ANIMALS
DIRECT EFFECT OF HIGH
TEMEPRATURE IN ANIMALS
1. Rise in rectal temperature
2. Decline in feed-intake – graze, smaller at birth
3. Increase in water intake
4. Decrease in production of milk
5. Changes in milk composition
6. Reduction in growth – spermatogenesis, fertility
7. Loss in body weight – high mortality
WHAT ARE THE DIRECT EFFECT OF
HIGH HUMIDITY IN ANIMALS?
DIRECT EFFECT OF HIGH HUMIDITY IN
ANIMALS
1. Depresses evaporative heat loss
a. air temperature
b. air humidity
c. Area of evaporating surface
d. available water in body and air movement
2. Depression of feed intake
3. Depression of production
WHAT ARE THE DIRECT EFFECT OF SOLAR
RADIATION IN ANIMALS?
DIRECT EFFECT OF SOLAR RADIATION
IN ANIMALS

1. Affect skin – sunburn, skin cancer and photo sensitive disorders

2. Increase heat load – growth, production and reproduction
3. Light color coat – less affected
a. Standing animals – less solar effect
b. Buffalo – more affected – heat absorption
c. Cow – less affected
WHAT ARE THE INDIRECT EFFECT
OF CLIMATE IN ANIMALS?
INDIRECT EFFECT OF CLIMATE IN
ANIMALS
1. Vegetation – quality and quantity of feed available
a. Raising – vegetation is better
2. Animal parasites and diseases
a. High temperature and high humidity – favorable for
external/onternal parasites, fungi and bacteria

b. Arid (hot) region – external parasite

c. Humid – internal parasite
 WHAT ARE THE ENVIRONMENTAL
INFLUENCES ON ANIMAL PRODUCTION?
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON
ANIMAL PRODUCTION
1. Feeds – seasonality of feed
- harvesting of forages at stage of maturity
- about 80% of feed consumed by cattle in the tropics goes for
maintenance
- shortage of irrigation water or limited amount of rainfall
2. Light - influence on hair cover at shorter daylength and longer night-
animals start
- growing longer hair for cold weather
- longer daylength and shorter night – short hair
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON
ANIMAL PRODUCTION
3. Rainfall and humidity
- humidity and rainfall is heavy – cattle are small in size
WHY? Pasture grows faster and its nutritive value becomes less due to
more cellulose in feed
- rainfall is adequate and air temperature is low – the water does not
evaporate and the grasses will contain smaller proportions of cellulose
As a result, animals fed on these grasses grow faster compared to those
fed on pasture in hot humid areas

4. Temperature – affects growth and production efficiency of animals at

higher temperaature
BREEDING AND GENETICS

MA. TRICIA LAGUMEN LUKBAN, DVM

BREEDING AND GENETICS

IMPORTANCE:

1. Necessary in order to understand how different theories of

inheritance and variation work
2. Can be applied I improving existing breeds and strains of domestic
animals
3. To produce animals possessing genetically superior economic traits
with maximum efficiency
BASIC CONCEPT OF MENDELIAN
GENETICS: Cells, Chromosomes and
Gametes
GENETICS: science that deals with hereditary and variations
Animal Genetics: branch of genetics that deals with the principles of
genetics exclusive to animals, whether feral or domesticated in nature

Law of Biogenesis: all living organisms come from other living

organisms through the process of reproduction where each of the
parents transmits a sample ½ of their genes through the gametes to
their offsprings or progenies.
 BODIES OF ALL
ANIMALS ARE MADE
OF CELLS.
CELLS ARE MADE UP OF TWO PARTS:
1. Cytoplasm (“living fluid”)
2. Nucleus
STRUCTURES OF THE CYTOPLASM:
1. Golgi Apparatus
2. Ribosomes
3. Mitochondria
4. Lysosome
GOLGI APPARATUS
- Primary site of the synthesis of carbohydrates
RIBOSOMES
- Where the amino acids are assembled into proteins
MITOCHONDRIA
- Generation of energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate)
LYSOSOME
- Defense mechanism through phagocytosis or the process of engulfing
foreign substances or organisms that may injure the cells
TERMS TO MIND:
Chromosomes: threadlike bodies and usually occur in pairs

2N: autosomes “body cells”

Haploid (N): gametes “sex cells”
Example:
Human being has 23 pairs of chromosomes

22 pairs – autosomes
1pair – sex cells (sperm for males; ova for females)
Ovum contains XX chromosome (homozygous); XY in sperm
(heterozygous)

However, in poultry ZZ for male; ZW for female

DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
Genetic material carried on the chromosome

GENE is the portion of the DNA

- Basic unit of inheritance
- Occur in pairs
- Occupy a certain location called “locus” pl loci
- Alternative form of a given gene is “allele” (allelomorph)
Example:
B is the gene for black in Angus cattle
b is the allele for red coat color

Three possible combinations:

(dominant) BB
homozygous
(recessive) bb
Bb : heterozygous
BB, Bb and bb are all considered GENOTYPES
Black and Red are PHENOTYPES

Genotypes: actual genetic make-up or composition

Phenotypes: external expression or manifestations which are perceived
by the senses

KARYOTYPE: grouping of chromosomes based on similarity of their

morphology
FUNCTIONS OF THE GENES
1. Store and transmit information from cell to cell (cell division) and
from parents to offspring (meiosis and fertilization)
2. Copy or replicate itself with great consistency and precision
3. Undergo mutation or errors in copying which would undergo
subsequent copying and replication
NEXT MEETING

ANIMAL BREEDING
MA. TRICIA LAGUMEN LUKBAN, DVM