APPLICATION OF THE

EQUILIBRIUM
PRINCIPLE
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Heat, and Temperature
Instructor’s Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 1 Module 3 Slide 1
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Application of the Equilibrium Principle
 Temperature & heat...

Instructor’s Visual Aids

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 1 Module 3 Slide 2
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Application of the Equilibrium Principle
Heat & temperature
Large body
at constant
temperature
T1
Large body
at constant
temperature
T2<T1

Our sense of the direction of

heat flow - from high to low temperature.
Instructor’s Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 1 Module 3 Slide 3
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Application of the Equilibrium Principle
Temperature and heat are related.

T1 T1

T2 T2

For metals, high For nonmetals, low

heat flow - diathermal heat flow - insulating.
materials.

Instructor’s Visual Aids

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 1 Module 3 Slide 4
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Application of the Equilibrium Principle
Caloric definition of temperature
Isolating
boundaries
T2 T1

T1  T2
Instructor’s Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 1 Module 3 Slide 5
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Application of the Equilibrium Principle
Bring systems into thermal contact and surround
with an isolating -- adiabatic -- boundary.

T1 T2

Initial configuration of the closed, combined

systems with a diathermal wall between the two.
Instructor’s Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 1 Module 3 Slide 6
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Application of the Equilibrium Principle
 T1 T2

Heat is observed to flow form the subsystem at the

higher temperature to that with the lower temperature.

Instructor’s Visual Aids

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 1 Module 3 Slide 7
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Application of the Equilibrium Principle
 T1,final T2,final

The final observed state of the total system is

that when the temperatures are equal. Heat
flow from subsystem 1 to subsystem 2
decreases in time.
Instructor’s Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 1 Module 3 Slide 8
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Application of the Equilibrium Principle
 Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics...

Instructor’s Visual Aids

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 1 Module 3 Slide 9
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Application of the Equilibrium Principle
Thermal equilibrium

T1 T2

Initial State: T1  T2
T1,final T2,final

Final State: T1  T2
Instructor’s Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 1 Module 3 Slide 10
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Application of the Equilibrium Principle
Demonstration of the Zeroth Law
A B Adiabatic

Diathermal

D D

Two subsystems in equilibrium with a third subsystem

Instructor’s Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 1 Module 3 Slide 11
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Application of the Equilibrium Principle
The Zeroth Law
Two systems in thermal
equilibrium with a third
system are in thermal
equilibrium with each other.

Instructor’s Visual Aids

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 1 Module 3 Slide 12
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Application of the Equilibrium Principle
 Temperature
measurement...

Instructor’s Visual Aids

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 1 Module 3 Slide 13
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Application of the Equilibrium Principle
The mercury in glass thermometer

• Thermometric property: expansion

of Hg with temperature.

LHg   T  T0 

Instructor’s Visual Aids

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 1 Module 3 Slide 14
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Application of the Equilibrium Principle
Constant volume gas thermometer

• Thermometric property: Pressure

at constant volume.

P   T  T0 

Instructor’s Visual Aids

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 1 Module 3 Slide 15
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Application of the Equilibrium Principle
The thermocouple

• Thermometric property: voltage

(emf) generated.

 e   T  T0 

Instructor’s Visual Aids

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 1 Module 3 Slide 16
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Application of the Equilibrium Principle
Temperature scales
Kelvin Scale Celsius Scale
• Triple point of water at • Triple point of water at
P = 1 atm P = 1 atm
T = 273.15 K T = 0 oC
• Steam point of water at • Steam point of water at
P = 1 atm P = 1 atm
T = 373.15 K T = 100 oC
• 1 oC = 1 K

Instructor’s Visual Aids

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 1 Module 3 Slide 17
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Application of the Equilibrium Principle
Key terms and concepts
Adiabatic boundary
Adiabatic process
Diathermal boundary
Fixed points
Heat
Isolating boundary
Thermometric property
Temperature scale
Thermometric property
Thermometer
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Instructor’s Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 1 Module 3 Slide 18
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Application of the Equilibrium Principle