TWO AND THREE

WHEELER
TECHNOLOGY
AU7018
OBJECTIVE

To develop the basic knowledge of the

students in constructional details of two and
Three Wheelers. Dissect the skills of the
students in the operating principles.
UNIT I POWER UNIT
Two stroke and four stroke SI & CI engine Construction and Working,
merits and demerits, Symmetrical and unsymmetrical valve & port
timing diagrams. Types of scavenging processes, merits and demerits –
scavenging efficiency. Scavenging pumps – Rotary valve engine.

UNIT II FUEL AND IGNITION SYSTEM

Fuel system – Different circuits in two wheeler fuel systems, fuel injection
system. Lubrication system, Ignition systems - Magneto coil and battery coil
spark ignition system, Electronic ignition System, and starting system - Kick
starter system – Self starter system. Recent technologies.
UNIT III CHASSIS AND SUB – SYSTEMS
Main frame for two and three wheelers, its types, Chassis and different drive
systems for two wheelers, Single, multiple plates and centrifugal clutches, Gear
box and its and various gear controls in two wheelers. Front and rear
suspension systems. Shock absorbers. Panel meters and controls on handle bar,
Freewheeling devices

UNIT IV BRAKES AND WHEELS

Drum brakes & Disc brakes Construction and Working and its Types, Front and
Rear brake links lay-outs. Brake actuation mechanism. Spoked wheel, cast
wheel, Disc wheel & its merits and demerits. Tyres and tubes Construction & its
Types- vulcanizing methods. Steering column construction, steering geometry
for two & three wheelers.
UNIT V TWO & THREE WHEELER CASE STUDY

Case study of Sports bike, - 2526,2537

Motor cycles, Scooters and Mopeds – 2540,2545
Auto rickshaws,- 2559
Pick up van, Delivery van and Trailer-25
Importance of maintenance –
general maintenance schedule –2042,2549
Servicing of two and three wheeler – 2051
periodic checkups.
Recent developments.
Two stroke engine SI Engine
P-V Diagram
 Advantages of 2 stroke petrol
engine
Smaller/lighter

Cheaper

Less friction

No oil to change

Quicker acceleration

Operate at different angles

 Disadvantages of 2 stroke petrol engine
• The lack of a dedicated lubrication system means that the
parts of a two stroke engine wear a lot faster.

• Two-stroke engines do not use fuel efficiently, so you would

get fewer miles per gallon.

• Two-stroke engines produce a lot of pollution. so much, in

fact, that it is likely that you won't see them around too much
longer.
Two Stroke CI Engine
 Advantages of 2 stroke CI engine

• High engine speeds of about 3000 rpm.

• Lighter in a weight because maximum pressure and

temperature is less.

• Less initial cost.

• Less maintenance cost.

Disadvantages of 2 stroke petrol engine
• HIGH compression ratio ranging from 15 to 17.

• The thermal efficiency is HIGHER due to HIGHER compression

ratio.

• Running cost higher because petrol is costlier.

Port Timing Diagram for two stroke engine
Four Stroke SI Engine

Nikolaus August Otto

Valve Timing Diagram of 4 Stroke
Petrol Engine
Four Stroke CI Engine

Rudolf Diesel
P-V & T-S Diagram
Actual P-V Diagram
Valve Timing Diagram of 4 Stroke
Diesel Engine
 Scavenging
Definition:

• “Scavenging is the process by which the burnt gases escape the

cylinder.”

• During the power stroke the air-fuel mixture burns in the cylinder and
the burnt gases are to be exhausted from the cylinder so that the fresh
charge may enter the cylinder during the suction stroke.

• If some of the exhaust gases remain in the cylinder they will be mixed
with the fresh charge and dilute it.
• The dilute charge will develop less power.
• The fresh charge also should not go out, with the exhaust gases.
• If the unburnt fresh charge goes out it will increase the fuel
consumption, fuel is wasted and less power is produced.
• Exhaust gases should escape the cylinder completely and the fresh
charge would not be mixed with the exhaust gases. For this purpose
the combustion chamber and piston head are specially designed.
• The piston head of two stroke cycle engine is specially designed for
scavenging.
• The deflector at the piston head is designed in such a form that it
deflects the fresh charge towards the combustion chamber and burnt
gases towards the exhaust port.
• Thus, the fresh charge does not escape the cylinder without burning.
 Types Of Scavenging
• Based on Theoretical process
• Based on Practical Process
 (1)Based on Theoretical process:

(A)Perfect Scavenging:

• Ideally, the fresh fuel-air mixture should remain separated from the
residual combustion products w.r.t both mass and heat transfer during the
scavenging process.

• In short in this process the fresh charge do not mix with the combustion
products and it simply pushes the exhaust gases towards the exhaust port.
(B) Perfect Mixing:
• The incoming fresh charge mixes completely and instantaneously with
the cylinder contents, and a portion of this mixture passes out of the
exhaust ports at a rate equal to that entering the cylinder.
• This homogeneous mixture consist initially of products of combustion
only and then gradually changes to pure air.
(C)Short Circuiting:

• The fresh charge coming from the scavenge manifold directly goes out
of the exhaust ports without removing any residual gas.

• This is a dead load and its occurrence must be avoided.

(2)Based on Practical process:
(A) Uniflow scavenging:
• In this, exhaust valve is fitted at the top of the cylinder and two inlet
ports are at the lower part of the cylinder.
• The fresh charge enter the cylinder from the two inlet ports, which
pushes the exhaust gases to go out through the exhaust valve.
• The direction of the flow of the fresh charge and exhaust gases is the
same, hence it is known as uniflow scavenging.
 (B) Loop Scavenging:
• In this, the inlet and exhaust port, both
are situated at one side in the lower part
of the cylinder.
• The fresh charge flows in the cylinder in
the form of a loop and pushes the
exhaust gases to go out through the
exhaust port.
(C) Cross flow scavenging:
• This type of scavenging is generally adopted in the two stroke cycle
engines.
• The transfer port and exhaust port are situated in front of each other at
the lower part of the cylinder.
• The fresh charge enters the cylinder through the transfer port and is
deflected upwards.
• Then it comes towards the exhaust port. Thus, it pushes the exhaust
gases towards the exhaust port to go out.
Solex Carburetor
 Fuel
Admission
Types
Limitations of Carburetion
1. Wall wetting due to fuel deposits
2. Rich mixture formation
3. Improper metering of fuel - Very high HC and CO.
4. Poor part load performance.

Limitations of Port and Direct Injection

1. Difficult to place the injector at the port and head
2. System becomes complex and very expensive.
Battery coil ignition system
Electronic ignition System
Starting system
Kick starter system