ART INTEGRATED PROJECT

(PHYSICS)
 DC MODEL SR SEC SCHOOL
SEC-9, FARIDABAD, HARYANA

SUBMITTED BY: Akshita, Anjali, Ankit, Anish, Anand

SUBMITTED TO: Ms. Khushboo

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY SPECIAL THANKS TO OUR PHYSICS

TEACHER MS.KHUSHBOO FOR HER GUIDANCE AND HER SUPPORT IN
COMPLETION OF THIS PROJECT.

I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO EXPRESS MY GRATITUDE TO THE PRINCIPAL,

THE VICE-PRINCIPAL AND THE ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER FOR GIVING
US THIS WONDERFUL OPPORTUNITY.
 CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT AKSHITA, ANJALI, ANKIT, ANISH,

ANAND OF CLASS 12TH HAS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETETD
THEIR PRESENTATION ON THE TOPIC:-
‘ART INTEGRATION PROJECT ON TELANGANA AND HARYANA’

AS PRESCRIBED BY MS.KHUSHBOO.
 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. APPLICATION OF OPTICAL FIBERS
3. STRUCTURE OF OPTICAL FIBERS
4. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
5. OPTICAL FIBERS IN TELANGANA
6. OPTICAL FIBERS IN HARYANA
7. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBERS
 WHAT ARE OPTICAL FIBERS?
Optical fiber is the technology associated with data transmission using light
pulses travelling along with a long fiber which is usually made of plastic or
glass. Metal wires are preferred for transmission in optical fiber
communication as signals travel with fewer damages. Optical fibers are also
unaffected by electromagnetic interference. The fiber optical cable uses the
application of total internal reflection of light. The fibers are designed such
that they facilitate the propagation of light along with the optical fiber
depending on the requirement of power and distance of transmission.
Single-mode fiber is used for long-distance transmission, while multimode
fiber is used for shorter distances. 
 TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBERS

• The types of optical fibers depend on the refractive index, materials used, and mode of propagation of light.
• The classification based on the refractive index is as follows:
• Step Index Fibers: It consists of a core surrounded by the cladding, which has a single uniform index of refraction.
• Graded Index Fibers: The refractive index of the optical fiber decreases as the radial distance from the fiber axis
increases.
• The classification based on the materials used is as follows:
• Plastic Optical Fibers: The polymethylmethacrylate is used as a core material for the transmission of the light.
• Glass Fibers: It consists of extremely fine glass fibers.
• The classification based on the mode of propagation of light is as follows:
• Single-Mode Fibers: These fibers are used for long-distance transmission of signals.
• Multimode Fibers: These fibers are used for short-distance transmission of signals.
• The mode of propagation and refractive index of the core is used to form
four combination types of optic fibers as follows:
• Step index-single mode fibers
• Graded index-Single mode fibers
• Step index-Multimode fibers
• Graded index-Multimode fibers
 HOW DOES AN OPTICAL FIBER WORK?

The optical fiber works on the principle of total internal reflection. Light rays can be
used to transmit a huge amount of data, but there is a problem here – the light
rays travel in straight lines. So unless we have a long straight wire without any
bends at all, harnessing this advantage will be very tedious. Instead, the optical
cables are designed such that they bend all the light rays’ inwards (using TIR).
Light rays travel continuously, bouncing off the optical fiber walls and transmitting
end to end data. Although light signals do degrade over progressing distances,
depending on the purity of the material used, the loss is much less compared to
using metal cables. A Fibre Optic Relay System consists of the following
components:
•The Transmitter – It produces the light signals and encodes them to fit to
transmit.
•The Optical Fibre – The medium for transmitting the light pulse (signal).
•The Optical Receiver – It receives the transmitted light pulse (signal) and decodes
them to be fit to use.
•The Optical Regenerator – Necessary for long-distance data transmission.
 OPTICAL FIBER IN HARYANA

Haryana is a state in India located in the northern-part of the country. It was carved out of
the former state of East Punjab on 1 November 1966 on a linguistic basis. It is ranked 21st
in terms of area, with less than 1.4% (44,212 km2 or 17,070 sq mi) of India's land area.
The state capital is Chandigarh and the most populous city is Faridabad, which is a part of
the National Capital Region. The city of Gurgaon is among India's largest financial and
technology hubs.Haryana has 6 administrative divisions, 22 districts, 72 sub-divisions, 93 
revenue tehsils, 50 sub-tehsils, 140 community development blocks, 154 cities and towns,
7,356 villages, and 6,222 villages panchayats.
Haryana has a statewide network of telecommunication facilities. Haryana Government
has its own statewide area network by which all government offices of 22 districts and 126
blocks across the state are connected with each other thus making it the first SWAN of the
country. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited and most of the leading private sector players
(such as Reliance Infocom, Tata Teleservices, Bharti Telecom, Idea Vodafone Essar, 
Aircel, Uninor and Videocon) have operations in the state. Two biggest cities of Haryana, 
Faridabad and Gurgaon which are part of National Capital Region come under the local
Delhi Mobile Telecommunication System. The rest of the cities of Haryana comes under
Haryana Telecommunication System.
For far too long, India’s internet action lay centered in its metros, leaving out even relatively big
cities like Lucknow. The fledgling online access push into smaller cities and rural India happened
primarily via mobile data transmitted over wireless spectrum. Home broadband was nowhere in
the picture. But all that seems set for some dramatic change. If the country’s richest man, Mukesh
Ambani, has his way, high-speed broadband will become a reality in at least 1,600 cities.
 OPTICAL FIBERS IN TELANGANA

Telangana is a state in India situated on the south-central stretch of the Indian peninsula on the

high Deccan Plateau.It is the eleventh-largest state and the twelfth-most populated state in India
 with a geographical area of 112,077 km (43,273 sq mi) and 35,193,978 residents as per 2011
census.On 2 June 2014, the area was separated from the northwestern part of Andhra Pradesh
 as the newly formed state with Hyderabad as its capital. Its other major cities include Warangal
, Nizamabad, Khammam, Karimnagar and Ramagundam. Telangana is bordered by the states
of Maharashtra to the north, Chhattisgarh to the northeast, Karnataka to the west, and 
Andhra Pradesh to the east and south.[13] The terrain of Telangana region consists mostly is part
of Deccan Plateau and dense forests covering an area of 27,292 km2 (10,538 sq mi). As of
2019, the state of Telangana is divided into 33 districts.
• TSWAN (Telangana State Wide Area Network)
The National e-Governance Program (NeGP), approved by the Government of India, aims to
significantly transform and improve the way the Government provides services to its citizens.
Government of India is providing funds to implement TSWAN up to Mandal Head Quarters. The
TSWAN is facilitating connectivity among different Government Departments and providing robust
network to carry out Government Business of providing infrastructure for citizen services and
running e-governance applications. TSWAN is providing connectivity for carrying Voice Data and
Video conference facility up to Revenue Mandals. TSWAN Connects Hyderabad to Dist
Headquarters with 4 Mbps leased line.
High speed Internet services are provided to national data centres to ensure that the
applications hosted are accessible to users across the globe with minimum latency. Capacity
planning and upgradation of Internet Gateway at regular interval has been undertaken to
provide smooth Internet access to all NICNET users throughout the country. To maintain
accurate timing and synchronization of all network elements and servers on the network
Stratum-1 clocks are installed at Delhi and Hyderabad.
NIC VSAT Network NICNET has been offering satellite based VSAT Network services over Ku-
band VSATs for providing Data and Video application.
NIC is also providing satellite bandwidth from NICNET pool for delivering e-governance
services to VSATs of various projects of central/state government departments such as Rural,
Taxation, Treasury, Finance, Health and Food supplies in geographically difficult locations
where terrestrial connectivity is either not available or reliable. For running the VSAT services,
NIC has leased transponder bandwidth from DoS/ISRO on the GSAT-18 satellite.
 ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBERS

•Economical and cost-effective

•Thin and non-flammable
•Less power consumption
•Less signal degradation
•Flexible and lightweight
 DISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER

• Low power—Light emitting sources are limited to low

power. Although high power emitters are available to
improve power supply, it would add extra cost.
• Fragility—Optical fiber is rather fragile and more
vulnerable to damage compared to copper wires. You’d
better not to twist or bend fiber optic cables too tightly.
• Distance—The distance between the transmitter and
receiver should keep short or repeaters are needed to
boost the signal.
 CONCLUSION

Optical fiber provides a fast, constant and stable Internet

connection that allows a lot of data to be transmitted over
incredible distances. As data demands become enormous, fiber
optic cabling is the sure way to go for network flexibility and
stability.
THANK YOU!