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    The document summarizes the early history of Javanese labor migration to Sabah (North Borneo) from the late 19th century to the World War 2 period. It discusses: 1) Two systems of labor recruitment - an indentured system regulated by the colonial governments and a private recruitment system involving labor agents and brokers. 2) The maritime routes laborers took from Java to Sabah, either through Singapore or directly. Issues with the routes included high costs, long wait times, and inconsistent schedules. 3) The living and working conditions of early Javanese laborers on estates and in timber camps, and the systems of control and punishment they faced from colonial authorities.

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    Webinar Ums-undip - Maureen

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    The document summarizes the early history of Javanese labor migration to Sabah (North Borneo) from the late 19th century to the World War 2 period. It discusses: 1) Two systems of labor recruitment - an indentured system regulated by the colonial governments and a private recruitment system involving labor agents and brokers. 2) The maritime routes laborers took from Java to Sabah, either through Singapore or directly. Issues with the routes included high costs, long wait times, and inconsistent schedules. 3) The living and working conditions of early Javanese laborers on estates and in timber camps, and the systems of control and punishment they faced from colonial authorities.

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    10 views13 pages

    Webinar Ums-Undip - Maureen

    Uploaded by

    shelfania
    The document summarizes the early history of Javanese labor migration to Sabah (North Borneo) from the late 19th century to the World War 2 period. It discusses: 1) Two systems of labor recruitment - an indentured system regulated by the colonial governments and a private recruitment system involving labor agents and brokers. 2) The maritime routes laborers took from Java to Sabah, either through Singapore or directly. Issues with the routes included high costs, long wait times, and inconsistent schedules. 3) The living and working conditions of early Javanese laborers on estates and in timber camps, and the systems of control and punishment they faced from colonial authorities.

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    of 13

    MARITIME HISTORY & GLOBAL

    INTERACTION IN THE MALAY WORLD

    MENELUSURI SEJARAH AWAL MIGRASI BURUH


    INDONESIA KE SABAH: PENEKANAN KEPADA
    BURUH JAWA

    Tracing the Early History of Indonesian Labour


    Migration to Sabah: Emphasis on Javanese Labourers.

    By: Dr. Maureen De Silva


    Universiti Malaysia Sabah
    WEBINAR
    INTRODUCTION

    JAVANESE LABOUR MIGRATION TO SABAH


    (NORTH BORNEO)

    When did it all start? Why did it occur? How was the labour
    migration arranged? Maritime routes? Issues? Life of
    Migrants? What happened to them after that?
    THE SETTING – 19 TH
    & 20 TH
    CENTURY

    • Global setting – development of


    maritime technology – steamships,
    ports; opening of the Suez Canal;
    2 n d Industrial Revolution; new
    imperialism;

    • Java (NEI)

    • Sabah / North Borneo


    EARLY JAVANESE LABOUR MIGRATION
    SOURCES OF LABOUR
    EARLY JAVANESE LABOURERS IN SABAH / NORTH
    BORNEO

     Earliest group of Javanese labourers = 1882 (70 recruited for experimental


    agricultural centre in Silam)
     Worked in tobacco, rubber estate plantations; timber camps
     1907-1909 = 8449 (official permit; 60% returned at the end of their contracts)
     1914-1932 = indentured migrants / contract labourers under written Dutch & Local
    contracts
     1929-1941 = mostly free migrants (Verbal/Oral Contracts)
     1942-1945 = “romusha” / forced labourers
     1946 onwards = free migrants under Verbal/Oral Contracts
    TOTAL IMPORTATIONS OF JAVANESE LABOURERS IN SABAH
    (NORTH BORNEO), 1914-1932
    Year Dutch Contract (DC) Local Contract (LC) Overall
    Male Female Total Male Female Total Total
    1914 198 261 459 - - - 459
    1915 142 284 426 1488 312 1800 2226
    1916 152 103 255 393 0 393 648
    1917 549 102 651 919 0 919 1570
    1918 667 225 892 479 25 500 1396
    1919 193 70 263 559 27 586 849
    1920 775 200 975 996 41 1037 2012
    1921 443 131 574 42 0 42 622
    1922 10 20 30 275 3 278 308
    1923 120 235 355 472 5 477 832
    1924 0 90 90 685 0 685 775
    1925 626 225 851 465 0 465 1172
    1926 1672 550 2222 272 0 272 2494
    1927 1269 326 1595 701 14 715 2310
    1928 0 0 0 460 11 471 471
    1929 93 173 266 664 12 676 942
    1930 0 65 65 n.a n.a 91 156
    1931 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
    1932 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
    Total 6909 3060 9969 ** ** 9407 19,376

    Source: PRO: CO648/7-15 Annual Report Protectorate Department, 1914-1933.


    ** No figure due to unavailability of data for 1930
    JAVANESE LABOURERS TO SABAH / NORTH BORNEO
    PRE-WORLD WAR 2
    GOVERNMENT REGULATED INDENTURED SYSTEM OF PRIVATE RECRUITMENT
    SYSTEM

    Central role of colonial states – 3-way collaboration Non-involvement of colonial states until reaching North
    Borneo

    Messrs. Soesman & Co.; Labour Association Ltd.; Labour Association; Labour Sheikhs; pilgrim brokers
    Messrs. A.F. Hildebrands; General Deli Emigration
    Bureau (ADEK)
    Recruited in Java – mostly “sinkeh” Recruited in Singapore – mostly “laukeh”

    Signed contract in Java (Dutch Contract) Signed Contract in North Borneo (Local Contract)
    2 years (3 years 1926 onwards) 300 days / 12 months (1927)
    Cannot be terminated prematurely Terminable – 1 month notice
    MARITIME ROUTES OF JAVANESE LABOUR
    MIGRATION TO SABAH / NORTH BORNEO
    MARITIME ROUTES OF JAVANESE LABOUR
    MIGRATION TO SABAH / NORTH BORNEO

     i) Java  Singapore North Borneo  Issues


    (Sabah)  i. extra cost – depot; medical;
     Straits Steamship Company (SSC)  ii. long waiting period for shipment
     Koninklijke Paketvaart  iii. inspection
    Maatschappij (KPM) Cartel
     iv. inconsistent schedule
     v. competition from Deli
     vi. illegal recruiting
     ii) Java  North Borneo (Sabah)
     vii. missing recruits / repartriates
     Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij
     viii. KPM Protectionism /
    (KPM)
    monopoly
    LIFE OF EARLY JAVANESE LABOURERS

    Estates / timber camps Mobility and Labour Control


    (tappers, weeders, drying tobacco leaves..)

    Wages + food ration for DC Abuses and Physical Violence


    Wages + food bond for LC
    Coolie lines; settlements outside the estates Punishment by Colonial State

    Working conditions - Health Resistance


    Protective provisions – Labour Ordinances / Post Indenture / Contract Settlement?
    Protectorate/ Inspectorate/ Penal Sanctions?
    TRANSPORT OF RŌMUSHA FROM JAVA TO OTHER
    JAPANESE-OCCUPIED TERRITORIES (1944).

    Takuma Melber. The Labour Recruitment of Local Inhabitants as Rōmusha in Japanese-Occupied South East
    Asia. International Review of Social History. Vol 61. Nov 24. 2016
    CONCLUSION & THANK
    YOU

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