Engine Performance

Selasa, 26 Sya’ban 1443

Engine Cycles
Engine Slider--Crank Geometry
• Geometric parameters:
• bore, 𝑏;
• connecting rod length, 𝑙;
• crank radius, 𝑎;
• stroke, 𝑠 and
• Crank angle, 𝜃.
• The crank radius is one-half of the stroke. The top dead
center (tdc) of an engine refers to the crankshaft being in a
position such that 𝜃 = 0◦. The cylinder volume in this
position is minimum and is also called the clearance
volume, 𝑉c.
• Bottom dead center (bdc) refers to the crankshaft being at 𝜃
= 180◦. The cylinder volume at bottom dead center 𝑉1 is
maximum.
Engine Slider--Crank Geometry
The compression ratio, 𝑟
the ratio of the maximum to minimum volume
𝑉 𝑐 +𝑉 𝑑
¿
𝑉𝑐
The displacement volume, 𝑉d, is the difference between
the maximum and minimum volume; for a single cylinder

 Multicylinder engine, nc
Expression relating 𝑉d and 𝑉bdc
Engine Slider--Crank Geometry
Volume silinder, V, pada sudut tertentu
𝜋
𝑉 =𝑉 𝑐 + 𝐵(𝑙+ 𝑎 − 𝑠)
4

=l

Luas permukaan piston berdiameter D = Ap

Luas permukaan ruang bakar, A
𝑙
𝐴= 𝐴 𝑐 h + 𝐴 𝑝 + 𝜋 𝐵(𝑙 +𝑎 − 𝑠) 𝑅=
𝑎
Engine Slider--Crank Geometry
• The mean piston speed 𝑈̄p is an important parameter
in engine design, since stresses and other factors
scale with piston speed rather than with engine speed.
• Since the piston travels a distance of twice the stroke
per revolution, it should be clear that

• The engine speed, 𝑁, refers to the rotational speed of

the crankshaft and is expressed in revolutions per
minute.
• The engine frequency, 𝜔, also refers to the rotation rate
of the crankshaft but in units of radians per second.
Power, Torque, and Efficiency
• Daya pengereman, ,, adalah laju kerja yang dilakukan; dan torsi mesin, , adalah
ukuran kerja yang dilakukan per satuan putaran (radian) engkol.
• Daya rem adalah keluaran daya mesin, dan diukur dengan dinamometer.
Dinamometer awal adalah mekanisme rem sederhana.
• Daya pengereman yang lebih kecil dari kerja yang dilakukan oleh gas disebut
daya yang ditunjukkan (indicated power, ), sebagian karena gesekan. Daya
pengereman dan torsi dihubungkan oleh
𝑊˙ 𝑏 =2 𝜋 𝑁 𝜏

• The indicated power 𝑊̇i, for an

engine with 𝑛c cylinders, is
Power, Torque, and Efficiency
• The brake power is less than the indicated power due to engine mechanical
friction, pumping losses in the intake and exhaust, and accessory power needs,
which are grouped as a friction power loss,

𝑊˙ 𝑓 =𝑊˙ 𝑖 − 𝑊˙ 𝑏

• The ratio of the brake power to the indicated power is the mechanical efficiency,

𝑊˙ 𝑏
𝜇𝑚 =
𝑊˙ 𝑖
Kinerja Throttle Terbuka Lebar (WOT) Dari
Mesin Empat Langkah Otomotif.
• Seperti kebanyakan mesin, torsi dan tenaga
menunjukkan maksimum dengan putaran mesin.
• Efek gesekan kekentalan meningkat secara kuadrat
dengan putaran mesin, menyebabkan kurva torsi
menurun pada putaran mesin tinggi.
• Torsi maksimum terjadi pada speed yang lebih rendah
daripada daya maksimum, karena daya adalah produk
dari torsi dan speed.
• Perhatikan bahwa kurva torsi bergelombang. Ini
karena dinamika aliran udara masuk dan keluar serta
gesekan mechanism