Power Generation in Pakistan

Presented by: Mehroz Fatima, Raheel Mughal & Syed Mashood.

Department of Electrical Engineering.
COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus.
Structure of the Industry
• Pakistan has following main public and private power producers:
1. WAPDA (Water and Power Development Authority), operates and administers a major share of the hydropower plants.
2. GENCOs (Generation Companies), responsible for thermal power production.
3. PAEC (Pakistan atomic energy commission), responsible for nuclear power
4. KESC (Karachi electric supply company), operates in all three segments of the Power Sector and is responsible for the
generation, transmission and distribution of electricity to all residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural areas of
Karachi and a few of its outskirts.
5. IPPs (Independent power producers)
i. Thermal IPPs are governed by the PPIB (Private Power & Infrastructure Board).
ii. Renewable projects are overseen by the AEDB (Alternative Energy Development Board).
• Power Sector is regulated by NEPRA (National Electric Power Regulatory Authority).
• The Power Sector is operated through a Market Operator, the CPPA-G (Central Power Purchasing Agency), which was
formed to facilitate the power market transition from single buyer to a competitive market. CPPA-G is responsible for the
procurement of electricity from power producers as well as on behalf of DISCOs and for billings and settlements.
Installed Generation Capacity

According to Pakistan Economic Survey 2020-2021:

• The total installed generation capacity of the country, including CPPA-G and KE Systems as in 2021 is
39,772 MW, against 38,719 MW in 2020 showing a net increase of 1,053 MW.
• The total installed generation capacity of public sector power plants in the country was 20,820 MW while
the installed generation capacity of private sector power plants, including KE, was 18,952 MW.
• The total installed generation capacity of the country comprised of 25,098 MW thermal (GENCOs, IPPs,
SPPs/CPPs and KE), 9,915 MW hydroelectric, 1,248 MW wind, 530 MW solar, 369 MW bagasse and
2,612 MW nuclear.
• The maximum total demand coming from residential and industrial estates stands at nearly 25,000 MW,
whereas the transmission and distribution capacity is stalled at approximately 22,000 MW.
• The deficit of 3000MW can not be transmitted even though the peak demand of the country is well below the
installed capacity of 39,772MW.
Installed Generation Capacity (MW)
( A comparison between 2020 and 2021)
Installed Generation Capacity
Electricity Generation
• During FY 2020-21, the total electricity generation in the country was recorded as 143,090.64
GWh compared to 133,727.20 GWh electric power generation of FY 2019-20 showing increase of
9,363.44 GWh.
• In the country, the electricity generation by the public sector power plants remained 75,875 GWh
while private sector power plants generated 67,215 GWh.
• The total electricity generation from power plants in CPPA-G System remained 129,722.05 GWh
which included 38,800.55 GWh hydel, 75,728.36 GWh thermal (including generation by
SPPs/CPPs), 10,871.01 GWh nuclear, 2,899.94 GWh wind, 711.63 GWh solar and 710.56 GWh
bagasse/biomass.
• Besides the local generation, 498.37 GWh were imported in CPPA-G System during FY 2020-21
compared to 513.74 GWh import during FY 2019-20
• During FY 2020-21, the total electric power generation in the KE System, including the KE own
power plants as well as the power plants connected with KE System remained 13,368.59 GWh
compared to 12,372.69 GWh generated during FY 2019-20 showing increase of 995.90 GWh.
Electricity Generation

• The electric power generation in KE System included 10,186 GWh generation by KE’s own
power plants, 2184.57 GWh by IPPs, 219 GWh by KANUPP, 200 GWh by two solar power
projects, and 579.02 GWh from SPPs/CPPs connected with KE System.
• Besides the generation by power plants connected with KE System during FY 2020-21, KE also
imported 6,118 GWh from CPPA-G System (including 354 GWh from 150 MW dedicated
WPPs). Since KE purchases electricity from CPPA-G, the import of KE from CPPA-G is counted
in the generation in CPPA-G System.
Electricity Generation
(A comparison between 2020 and 2021)
Electricity Generation
Hydropower Generation

• WAPDA recording a decrease of

153.50 GWh.

• Hydel IPPs showing an increase

of 255.46 GWh.
Fuel-wise Thermal Power Generation

• Gas: Showing decrease of 2,406.84 GWh.

• RLNG: Showing an increase of 5,136.22 GWh.
• RFO: Showing an increase of 2,686.9 GWh.
• Coal: Showing an increase of 2,034.53 GWh.
• HSD: Showing an increase of 369.58 GWh.
Public Sector GENCOs

• GENCOs showing a decrease of 1,104.92 GWh.

Nuclear (CHASNUPP-I, II, III, IV & K-2)

• Showing an increase of 1,166.12 GWh.

Independent Power Producers (Thermal)

• Showing an increase of 7,988.32 GWh

Renewables

• Wind: showing an increase of 17.46 GWh.

• Solar: showing increase of 6.66 GWh.
• Biomass/Bagass: showing an increase of
146.10 GWh.
The SWOT Analysis of the Power Generation System
SWOT Analysis
Strengths
• Backbone of the economy.
• Pakistan’s Geological position.
• Conventional, non-conventional energy
resources.
• Potential customers and stakeholders.
Weaknesses
• Huge demand and supply gap.
• High per unit cost generation.
• Under develop infrastructure.
• Less attention on the renewable energy
resources.
• Unsatisfactory human and institutional
capacities.
• T & D losses.
• No attention on coal reserves.
SWOT Analysis

Opportunities Threats
• Availability of saline land. • Rising Circular debt.
• Declining price trend in PV panels. • Power theft and recovery of bills.
• Implantation of smart grids. • Environmental restrictions on use of coal.
• Huge market for investors. • Unnecessary subsidies.
• Energy mix ( Use of coal, hydropower and • Dependence on imported fuels.
renewable energy resources).
• Revival in Industrial Activity resulting in
increased demand.
• Amendments in PPAs.
• Investments in renewables.
Working Power Plants in Pakistan
Working Power Plants in Pakistan
Upcoming Power Projects
1. HYDEL
• WAPDA
Currently, Hydel power contributes 25% to the total Installed Capacity, of which WAPDA has
almost 95% of the share. WAPDA further envisages to increase installed hydropower capacity by
18,248MWs of which projects worth 4,403MWs are already under construction.
Upcoming Power Projects
Upcoming Power Projects
• IPPs: Alongside WAPDA, Hydel IPPs also embark on significant additions to their installed
capacity in the next 10 years. Most of the projects are located in the KP and AJK regions.
Together, WAPDA and Hydel IPPs are projecting to uplift the Hydel Installed Capacity of the
country to 33,025MWs in the next 10 years.
Continue..
2. Thermal
IPPs:
• Thermal IPPs contribute around 46% to the Country’s total Installed Capacity for power
generation. Pakistan has the 5th largest coal reserves in the world, i.e., total 185bln tons and
around 176bln tons in the Tharparkar District of Sindh.
• The Thar Blocks possess an immense potential for electricity generation. Therefore, almost 78%
of the Upcoming Thermal Power Projects are coal based.
• The detail of projects is shown in the next slide.
3. Renewable
• Solar IPP
• Wind IPPs
• Bagasse IPPs
Pakistan is the fifth largest sugarcane producer in the world and has a potential to generate more than
2,000MW of electricity through Co-Generation.
• Geo-thermal Energy
Although there are numerous hot springs with temperatures ranging from 30°C to 170°C to be found
in various parts of Pakistan, for example in the vicinity of Karachi and in the Pakistani part of the
Himalayas, there has been no attempt to make use of geothermal energy in Pakistan yet.