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BASICS OF FLIGHT

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 FLIGHT HISTORY

• First flight: The Wright Flyer 1903

• Break speed of sound: Bell X-1A 1947

• Land on moon: Apollo 11 1969

• Circumnavigate earth on one tank of gas: Global Flyer 2005

• We’ve come a long way

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© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Major topics

• Terminology and theory

• Forces of flight

• Aircraft design

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 Basic aircraft terminology

• Airfoil: cross sectional shape of a wing

• Leading edge: front edge of wing

• Trailing edge: back edge of wing

• Chord line: line connecting LE to TE

• Camber: center line between top and bottom of wing

• High camber found on slow flying high life aircraft

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© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Wing layout

• Planform: vertical projection of wing area

• Elliptical: good for high speed

• Straight: roots stalls, but cheap to make

• Tapered: good stall characteristics

• Delta: used for supersonic flight

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 Wing layout

• Sweep: angle between the lateral axis and the wing (high speed aircraft)

• Taper: chord decreases as you move to the wing tip

• Incidence: angle between the longitudinal axis and the wing chord

• Angle of attack: angle between the wing and the relative wind

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 Wing layout

• Twist: bending of wing about

lateral axis (helps prevent tip stall
by changing angle of attack)

• Anhedral: downward bend in wing

(helps with stability)

• Dihedral: upward bend in wing

Corsair: WWII Fighter

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 Wing layout

• Aspect ratio

• (AR)= Span^2/Wing Area

• More efficient for slow aircrafts

• Typical values
 Glider: 20-30
 Trainer: 7-9
 Loadstar: 18.5

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 6 degrees of freedom

• Three axes of an aircraft

 Longitudinal: parallel to
the fuselage

 Lateral: parallel to the

wing

 Normal: perpendicular to
the ground

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Control surfaces: change wing by altering the
angle of attack

• Ailerons: horizontal surfaces located on wig tips

 Roll: rotation about the longitudinal axis

• Elevator: horizontal surface located on the tail

 Pitch: rotation about the lateral axis

• Rudder: vertical surface located on the tail

 Yaw: rotation about the normal axis

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 Stabilizing surfaces: balancing moments

• Vertical stabilizer: the vertical part of the tail which prevents unwanted yaw

• Horizontal stabilizer: horizontal portion of the tail (or the Canard) that
prevents unwanted pitch

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 Flaps

• Change the shape of wings

• Increase Lift and Drag

• Used on takeoff and

landing

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 • Neutral point: location of resultant lift force

• CG: center of gravity

• High wing: wing on top (very stable)

• Mid wing: wing in middle (acrobatic)

• Low wing: wing on bottom (less drag)

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 Reynolds number

• Reynolds number (Re): ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces

 Re = (D*V*p)/mu
 D = characteristic length
 V = velocity
 P = density
 Mu = dynamic (absolute) viscosity

• A non-dimensionalized number that can be used to relate models to actual

aircraft

• Determines whether a flow is laminar or turbulent in the Boundary Layer

(laminar is good)

• Very useful for aircraft deisgn

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 Reynolds number

Note the difference in stall characteristics for different Re

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 Boundary layer

• No slip condition at surface

(V = 0)

• Effectively alters the shape

of the airfoil

• Separation of the B.L.

results in a stall

• Lead to major advances in

aircraft design

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 Boundary layer

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