MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF

CURRENT

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MAGNET It is a material that produces a field that attracts or repels other objects which is
magnetic in nature (made of iron, cobalt and nickel).

Use: Magnets are used in  • refrigerators, radio and stereo speakers
• audio and video cassette players
• on hard discs and floppies of computers

Properties of Magnet

 A free suspended magnet always points towards the north & south direction.
 The magnet pole which points toward north direction is called north pole or
north-seeking.
 The magnet pole which points toward south direction is called south pole or
south seeking.
 Like magnet pole repel each other while unlike poles of magnets attract each
other.

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MAGNECTIC FIELD AND FIELD
LINES

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 MAGNETIC FIELD
Definition: The region around a magnet where the force of attraction or
repulsion can be detected.

• The direction and strength of a magnetic field are represented by magnetic lines of
force.

• The magnetic field is represented by Magnetic Field Lines.

• Magnetic field around a magnet can be detected by using a Magnetic Compass.

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 MAGNETIC FIELD LINES
Definition: The imaginary lines of magnetic field around a magnet along which the north
pole of a magnetic compass needle tends to move.

• These lines around a magnet can be observed by

sprinkling iron filings around a magnet.
• It can also be observed by moving a magnetic
compass around a magnet.

Properties of Magnetic Field Lines

• The lines emerge at north pole and merge at south pole.

• These lines are closer at the poles.
• They do not intersect each other.
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 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A
CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR

10th
INTRODUCTION
• If a magnetic compass is placed near a conductor carrying current (wire),
the needle is deflected. This shows that a conductor carrying current has a
magnetic field around it.

• If the direction of the current is from north to south, the deflection of the
magnetic needle is towards the east.

• If the direction of the current is from south to north, the deflection of the
needle is towards the west. 

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MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A STRAIGHT CURRENT
CARRYING CONDUCTOR

• When current is passed through a straight current-carrying

conductor, a magnetic field is produced around it.

• It can be observed by passing a current carrying straight

conductor through a cardboard and sprinkling iron filings on it.

• Using iron filings, we can observe that iron filings align

themselves in concentric circles around the conductor.

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RIGHT HAND THUMB RULE

The direction of the magnetic field around a

conductor is given by the Right  Hand
Thumb Rule.

It states that ‘If a current carrying conductor is held in the right hand such that the thumb
points in the direction of current, then the fingers wrapped around the conductor shows the
direction of the magnetic field ’.

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MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT THROUGH A
CIRCULAR LOOP

 When current is passed through a circular conductor (loop) the magnetic field
produced in the form of concentric circles around the conductor.

 Towards the centre arcs of the circles become larger and appears as straight line. 

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MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO CURRENT IN A SOLENOID
A solenoid is a coil of many circular windings wrapped in the shape of a cylinder.

• When current flows through a solenoid, it behaves like

a bar magnet.

• The ends of the solenoid behaves like the North and

South poles of a magnet.

• The magnetic field produced by a solenoid is similar to the magnetic field produced
by a bar magnet.

• Strength of magnetic field depends upon the strength of current and number of
turns of the coil.

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 FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING
CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

10th
FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC
FIELD
When a current carrying wire is kept in magnetic field, It is acted upon by
a Magnetic Force.

The strength of the force depends upon:

a) Strength of Magnetic Field: More strength, more stronger force will be.
b) Magnitude of Current: More current in wire, more force it will
experience.
c) Angle between direction of current and direction of magnetic field: For
maximum force, it should be .

The direction of force is given (motion) of a current carrying conductor in

a magnetic field is given by ‘Flemings Left Hand Rule’.

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 FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE

It states that ‘If we hold thumb, fore finger and middle finger of the left hand perpendicular to
each other such that fore finger points in the direction of magnetic field, middle finger points in
the direction of current, then thumb shows the direction of force (motion) of the conductor’.

Many devices, such as electric motor, electric generator, loudspeaker, etc. work on Fleming’s
Left-Hand Rule.

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ELECTRIC
MOTOR

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ELECTRIC MOTOR
It is a device that converts Electrical Energy into Mechanical Energy.

• It works on the basis of rule suggested by Marie Ampere and Fleming’s

Left-Hand Rule.

Principle 

• When a rectangular coil is placed in a magnetic field and a current is

passed through it, force acts on the coil, which rotates it continuously.
With rotation of the coil, shaft attached to it also rotates.

Construction 

• It consists of: Armature, Commutator or Split – ring, Magnet, Sliding

contacts and Battery.

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ELECTRIC MOTOR
Working 

• When an electric current is supplied to the coil of the electric motor, it

gets deflected because of magnetic field.
• As it reaches the halfway, the split ring which acts as commutator
reverses the direction of flow of electric current.
• Reversal of direction of the current, reverses the direction of forces acting
on the coil.
• The change in direction of force pushes the coil, and it moves another
half turn.
• So, coil completes one rotation around the axle. Continuation of this
process keeps the motor in rotation.

Uses of Motors We use Motor in electric fans, for pumping water and in various toys.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

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ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

The motion of a magnet with respect to a coil or a change in magnetic field induce
a potential difference in the coil and produces induced current, called
Electromagnetic Induction.

• It is the production of induced EMF and thereby current in a coil, due to

varying magnetic field with time. 

• If a coil is placed near a current-carrying conductor, magnetic field changes

due to a change in I or due to relative motion between coil and conductor.

• The direction of the induced current is given by Fleming’s right-hand rule.

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FLEMING’S RIGHT HAND RULE

The direction of induced current is given by

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule.

It states that ‘If thumb, fore finger and middle finger of right hand is held perpendicular to each
other, thumb point in the direction of motion of conductor, fore-finger indicating direction of the
magnetic field, then the middle finger indicates direction of the induced current.’.

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ELECTRIC GENERATOR

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ELECTRIC GENERATOR
It is a device that converts Mechanical Energy into Electrical
Energy.

Principle 

• Generator operates on the principle of Electromagnetic

Induction

Types

• Electric generators are of two types: AC Generator and a DC

Generator

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ELECTRIC GENERATOR Construction and Working 

• The structure of an electric generator is similar to an electric motor.

• In case of an electric generator, a rectangular armature is placed within magnetic field of a
permanent magnet.
• Armature is attached to wire and is positioned in a way that it can move around an axle.
• When armature moves within the magnetic field, an electric current is induced.
• The direction of induced current changes, when armature crosses the halfway mark of its
rotation.
• So, the direction of current changes once in every rotation. Due to this, electric generator
produces alternate current, i.e., A.C. to convert an A.C generator into a D.C generator, a split
ring commutator is used. This helps in producing direct current.

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DOMESTIC ELECTRIC
CIRCUITS

10th
DOMESTIC ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
Electric power to homes is supplied through the mains. We receive AC electric
power of 220 V with a frequency of 50 Hz.

• We use 3 types of wire: a) Live wire, b) Neutral wire and c) Earth wire

 Live wire has a voltage of 220 V and is covered with red insulation.
 Earth wire has a voltage of 0 V and is covered with green insulation.
 Neutral wire has black insulation.

• Earth wire is used for safety measure to ensure that any leakage of current to a
metallic body does not give any serious shock to a user.

• We use two type of plugs, 5 A for smaller appliances and 15 A for heavy appliances.

• Different appliances are connected in parallel so that every appliance gets equal voltage and even if one is switched off
the others are not affected.

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 ELECTRIC FUSE

It is a protective device
used for protecting the
circuit from short-circuiting
and overloading.

• If excess current flows through the circuit, the fuse wire melts and breaks the
circuit.

• Fuse wire is made of a metal or an alloy of metals like lead, tin, aluminum
and copper.

• Fuse wire is connected in series with the live wire.

• Fuse is always connected to the beginning of an electric circuit and works on

the heating effect.

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 GENERAL DAMAGES CAUSED IN DOMESTIC CIRCUIT

SHORT CIRCUIT  OVERLOADING

• It is the overheating of electrical wire in any circuit due to flow

of a large current through it.

• It is caused by the touching of live wires and neutral wire and • It is caused due to increase in voltage, or if live wire and neutral
sudden a large current flow. wire comes in contact.

• It causes spark, fire and damage to the circuit and appliances. • It results in overheating of wires and can cause damage to circuit
and appliances.

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10th
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q1) The measure used in domestic circuiting to provide leakage of current.

 
a) Neutral wire
b) Earthing
c) Live wire
d) All of the above

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 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q2) An alternating current has frequency of 50Hz. How many times it has
changed its direction in one second?
 
a) 100 times
b) 200 times
c) 300 times
d) 400 times
  

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 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q3) The rule which is used to find the direction of current carrying conductor in
a wire.
 
a) Right hand thumb rule or Maxwell’s thumb rule
b) Left hand thumb rule or Maxwell’s thumb rule
c) Both option (a) and (b)
d) Neither (a) and nor (b)

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 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q4) State the average value of potential difference between the live wire and the
neutral wire in our country.
 
a) 210V
b) 020V
c) 120V
d) 220V

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 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q5) The physical quantifies which are indicated by the direction of thumb and
forefinger in the Fleming's right-hand rule is

a) Direction of induced conductor and direction of motion.

b) Direction of current in conductor and direction of field.
c) Direction of motion of conductor and direction of field.
d) Direction of magnetic field and direction of motion.

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 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q6) A positively charged particle ( particle) projected toward west is deflected toward
north by magnetic field. Name the rule which defines this.

a) Flemings Right Hand Rule

b) Maxwell Right Hand Rule
c) Maxwell Left Hand Rule
d) Flemings Left Hand Rule

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 ANSWERS - MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q 1. (b)

Q 2. (a)

Q 3. (a)

Q 4. (d)

Q 5. (c)

Q 6. (d)

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 SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Q 1. Write two reasons why appliances are connected in parallel in house hold circuiting?

Q 2. How we can change the polarity of electromagnet? Write one use of electromagnet?

Q 3. Can two magnetic lines of force intersect each other? Give reasons in support of your answer.

Q 4. Explain briefly two different ways to induce current in a coil. State the rule which determines the
direction of induced current.

Q 5. A straight wire carrying electric current is moving out of plane of paper and is perpendicular to it.
What is the direction and type of induced magnetic field?

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