ELECTRICITY

AND
MAGNETISM
How magnets were discovered
According to Greek legend, magnetism was first discovered by a shepherd named
Magnes, who lived in Magnesia, Greece.

Magnes was herding his sheep through the mountains.

Suddenly he noticed the ferrule of his stick and nails in his sandals got stuck to a
rock.

The iron in his stick and nails had become attracted to the magnetic rock.

The stone was named magnetite, after the name of the shepherd or the country it
was found in. It was also known as a loadstone because of its attractive properties.
From casual observations in antiquity (it is
said that the Greek philosopher Thales of
Miletus, 634–546 BC, is thought to be the
first person to describe magnetism after
observing the attraction of iron by the
mineral magnetite.
People long time ago used
magnets in medicine.
ARCHIMEDES used magnets in warfare.
 Chinese people used
magnets in navigation.
 PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS

1. Every magnet, no matter how small, has two poles, the North Pole and the South Pole.

2. It can attract or repel another magnets.

3. It can attract magnetic objects.

When a magnet is suspended in such a way that it is free to move, it always aligns itself in the north- south direction.

The end that points to or seeks Earth’s geographic north is called the north seeking pole or N- pole. Its opposite end is
the south seeking pole.
MAGNETIC SOUTH
POLE

GEOGRAPHIC SOUTH
POLE
 HORSE SHOE
MAGNET

BAR MAGNET

RING MAGNET
 MAGNETIC FIELD

the space surrounding a magnet within which the magnet has its
influence
MAGNETIC FIELD

DISTANCE
DISTANCE
MAGNETIC FIELD LINES ARE DIRECTED FROM THE NORTH POLE TOWARDS
THE SOUTH POLE OF THE MAGNET
MAGNETIC FIELD LINES ARE DIRECTED FROM THE SOUTH POLE TOWARDS THE
NORTH POLE OF THE MAGNET
 SEPARATED

CROWDED CROWDED

SEPARATED
 CROWDED

CROWDED

SEPARATED

The strength of the magnetic force is inversely proportional to the distance

between the magnetic field lines.
 CROWDED

CROWDED

SEPARATED

Around a magnet, the strength and direction of the magnetic field vary. At any point
around the magnet, the field has a magnitude or strength which depends on the
magnetic flux per unit area.
 CROWDED

CROWDED

SEPARATED

Magnetic flux : number of magnetic field lines that pass through a unit area.

The greater the flux per perpendicular area, the stronger the magnetic field.
 CROWDED

CROWDED

SEPARATED

The unit of flux is the weber and the unit of magnetic field is the tesla.

1 tesla = 1 weber/ square meter

SEPARATED
This face of the loop acts as the North Pole.
This face of the loop acts as the South Pole.
On reversing the direction of current in the loop, we can get the opposite
polarity at the same face of the loop.
Solenoid : a coil of wire , consists of several loops , that acts like a magnet
when current passes through it.
The coil’s end corresponds to the poles of the magnet.
 The coil’s end corresponds to the poles of the magnet.

The end where the lines of induction emerge or come out is the North Pole.
The other end is its South Pole.
Current Out

Current In
Permanent magnet Electromagnet
Permanent magnet Electromagnet
 Permanent
Electromagnet
magnet

CAN NOT
Magnetic field lines are moving from North to South.
In a similar manner, a current carrying conductor creates a magnetic field
around it given by the right hand thumb rule.
Stretch the forefinger , middle finger and thumb of the left hand.

Thumb Direction of force

Stretch the forefinger , middle finger and thumb of the left hand.

Thumb Direction of force

MOTOR PRINCIPLE
• According to the motor principle, there will be a force on the movable
coil when an electric current is flowing through it. The North pole of
the coil will be attracted to the South Pole of the magnet and repelled
by the North pole. This will cause the coil and the attached needle to
turn. Using the motor principle, we can see that the front and back
part of the coil will not experience any force since they are parallel to
the magnetic field lines, and the sides will experience opposite forces
since the currents are opposite and perpendicular to the magnetic
field lines. These opposite forces on the sides will cause the coil to
turn.
The forces on the arms AB and CD are equal and apposite.

They form a couple.

The coil begins to rotate.

No current flows through the coil.

No force acts on the circuit..

Due to the inertia of rotational motion, the coil did
not stop suddenly and rotates further.
The current flows through the coil in the direction DCBA.
Due to the inertia of rotational motion, the coil did
not stop suddenly and rotates further.
The Electric Motor

You have noticed that the coil will rotate only if it is at right angles to
the field, and then it will stop. For the coil to continue to rotate, the
direction of the force on it would have to change every half rotation.
This could happen only by changing the direction of either the external
magnetic field or the current flowing through the coil.