Component of Well Foundation

1. Cutting Edge – It provides a comparatively sharp edge to cut the soil below during sinking
operation. It usually consists of mild steel equal angle of side 150 mm.
2. Curb – It has a two-fold purpose. During the sinking, it acts as an extension of cutting
edge and also provides support to the well steining and bottom plug while after sinking it
transfers the load to the solid below. it is made up of reinforced concrete using controlled
concrete of grade M200.
3. Steining – It is the main body of well. It also serves a dual purpose. It acts as a cofferdam
during the sinking and a structural member to transfer the load to the soil below
afterwards.
The steining may consist of brick masonry or reinforced concrete. The thickness of staining
should not be less than that given by equation.
  t  = K( H/100 + D/10)
Where
t = minimum concrete steining thickness
H = Well depth below the bed
D = External diameter of well
K = A constant 
For soft clay 1.25 for hard clay and 1.3 for hard soil with the boulder. The brickwork steining
should be about 10 cm more than that the corresponding concrete steining.
4. Bottom Plug – After the well has been sunk to the final position, the bottom plug is
formed by concreting. The bottom plug functions as the base of the well.
5. Sand Filling – It utility is doubtful. It is supposed to afford some relief to the steining
by transferring directly a portion of the load from well cap to the bottom plug.
6. Top Plug – The opinion is divided about the top plug. It at least functions as a
shuttering for laying well cap.
7. Reinforcement – It gives strength to the structure during sinking and service.
8. Well Cap – It is needed to transfer the loads and moments from the piers to the well
or wells below.
The shape of the well cap is similar to that of well with a cantilevering of about 15 cm.
Whenever 2 or 3 wells of small diameter are needed to support the substructure.
The well cap should be extended to cover the wells. The well cap is designed as a slab
resting over the well or wells with partial fixity at the edge of the wells.
 The Wooden King Post Truss Consists Following
components:
Tie Beam
Two Inclined principal rafter
Two struts
King post
Ridge Beam

 InKing post truss, purlins are supported by the principal rafter.

The purlins support the closely spaced common rafters. The
slope of common rafters is same as that of the principal rafter.
The common rafters support the roof covering.
 King Post Truss:
Truss is basically a triangle or arch shapes frame used a majority
in roof cover it. Queen Post Truss is defined as a pitched roof
support using two vertical tie posts connected between the tie
beam and the rafters.
The wooden queen post truss differs from a king-post truss in
having two wooden uprights or vertical members which are
known as queen post. In this roof, Queen – posts are used
instead of king post.
Queen Post Truss Consists of Following Components:
Two Queen posts
Two Principal Rafters
Struts
Tie Beam
Straining beams
Straining sills
Purlins
Lean to roof
The lean to roof is defined as single slope roof with its upper edge
adjoining a wall or a building.
Lean to roof is the simplest type of pitched roof. The pitched roof is
also known as a sloping roof. It is the most common roof and is
generally regarded as the cheapest alternative for covering
structure.
Lean to roof is a free standing structure. The wall of one side is
taken higher than the wall on the other side. In this lean to roof, the
upper part of the common rafters is located on a wooden wall plate
and also placed with corbel. This corbel is made from stone, brick or
iron. The lower ends of common rafters are notched and nailed to a
wooden post-plate joined to the top of posts on verandah wall. Iron
knee straps and bolt are also used to connect the rafters to the post
plate. The common rafters rest at 30 degrees against a wall. The
length of this roof is suitable for a maximum span of 2.5 meters. The
side roof is used to cover the verandah of a building and it is also
known as one side roof.
ARCHES AND LINTELS
Arch and lintel are provided above doors, windows and passages.
The function of an arch and a lintel is to carry the weight of the
structure above the opening. In an arch because of the shape, the
blocks support each other by the mutual pressure of their own
weight and the structure remains in position by the resistance from
the supports. Special types of centring devices are incorporated.
A lintel is a horizontal member used to span openings in walls. It
functions similar to that of an arch. Lintels provided over windows
are connected to a sunshade to provide shade and shelter. Centring
for lintels are much simpler than that of arches.
Materials such as wood, stone, steel, brick and concrete are used