LECTURE 5

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Delivered by
Joel Anandraj.E
AP/IT
 Physical Layer: Performance
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 Network performance is an important issue in
Networking
 There are various characteristics that is used to
measure the performance of a Network.
 Bandwidth
 Throughput
 Latency
 Bandwidth Delay Product
 Jitter
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 Bandwidth
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 The term can be used in two different contexts with
two different measuring values:

 Bandwidth in hertz
 Bandwidth in bits per second.
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Bandwidth in hertz:
 Bandwidth in hertz is the range of frequencies a
channel can pass.
 
Bandwidth in bits per second.
 Bandwidth can also refer to the number of bits per
second that a channel, a link, or even a network can
transmit.
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 The main relationship between the two is,

“An increased bandwidth in hertz increases

bandwidth in bits per second.”
 Throughput

 Throughput is a measure of how fast we can actually
send data through a network.

May appear similar to bandwidth but not.

 The bandwidth is a potential measurement of a link;

 Whereas the throughput is an actual measurement of

how fast we can send data.
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Example
 A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only
an average of 12,000 frames per minute with each
frame carrying an average of 10,000 bits. What is the
throughput of this network?
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 Solution :
 Latency (Delay)

 The latency or delay defines how long it takes for an
entire message to completely arrive at the destination
from the time the first bit is sent out from the source.
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Latency is made of four components:
 Propagation time
 Transmission time
 Queuing time
 Processing delay.
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Propagation Time
 Propagation time measures the time required for a
bit to travel from the source to the destination.

Propagation Time =
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Example :
 What is the propagation time if the distance between
the two points is 12,000 km? Assume the
propagation speed to be 2.4 x 108 m/s in cable.

 Propagation Time = s = 0.05 s =50ms

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Transmission Time :
 Time between the first bit leaving the sender and the
last bit arriving at the receiver is called Transmission
time.

 Transmission time depends on the size of the

message and the bandwidth of the channel.
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Transmission time =
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Example
 What are the propagation time and the transmission
time for a 2.5-kbyte message (an e-mail) if the
bandwidth of the network is 1 Gbps?
 Assume that the distance between the sender and the
receiver is 12,000 km and that light travels at 2.4 x 108
m/s.
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 Propagation Time = s = 50ms

 Transmission time = = 20 x 10-6 = 20s

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Queuing Time
 It is the time needed for each intermediate or end
device to hold the message before it can be
processed.

 The queuing time is not a fixed factor.

 It the n/w load is heavy then queuing time is

increased.
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Processing delay
 Processing delay is the time taken by a switch to
process the packet header.
 The delay depends on the processing speed of the
switch.
 Bandwidth-Delay Product

 The bandwidth-delay product defines the number of
bits that can fill the link.
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 Case 1: Delay = 5s and bandwidth = 1bps

Bandwidth-Delay = 5bits
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 Case 2 : Delay=5s and Bandwidth =5bps

Bandwidth-Delay = 25bits
 Jitter

 Jitter is a problem if different packets of data
encounter different delays.
 If the delay for the first packet is 20 ms, for the
second is 45 ms, and for the third is 40 ms.
 Then the real-time application that uses the packets
endures jitter
Thank You
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