ENGLISH 8

Learning
Competencies
● 1. Identify the different types of grammatical signals or expression used in writing as well as
the various patterns of idea development. (unpacked competency)
● 2. Use appropriate grammatical signals or expressions suitable to each pattern of idea
development:
 General to particular
 Claim and counterclaim
 Problem-solution
 Cause-effect and others (EN8G-la-7)

● 3. Compose paragraphs applying the appropriate use of grammatical signals or expressions

on each pattern of idea development:(unpacked competency)
 Topic:
Grammatical
Expressions Used in
Various Patterns of Idea
Development
 Questions to
Ponder

● 1. What do you think is the most important thing that a writer must
consider in writing a paragraph?
● 2. Do you believe that a writer should incorporate as many ideas as
possible in an essay even if these ideas do not support the topic sentence?
 Grammatical
Signals or
Expressions
Meaning:
These alert the reader that he or
she is about to read referenced
material, such as a quotation, a
summation of a study, or statistics
verifying a claim. Ideally, your
signal phrases will connect the
idea of the paragraph to the
information from the outside
source.
Examples:
- “Jennifer Aaker of the Global
Business School at Stanford
University writes, in support of this
idea, that…”
- “In fact, the United Nations
Environmental Program found
that…”
- “However, ‘Recycling programs,’
the Northern California Recycling
Association retorts…” “As graph
3.2 illustrates, we can by no means
be certain of the outcome.”
Types:
Problem-Solution Signals
(Problem, the question is, a
solution, one answer is etc.)
Continuation Signals
(And, also, furthermore, with,
one reason, another, moreover
etc.)
Change of Direction
Signals
(Although, but, otherwise, still,
conversely, on the contrary, while,
in spite, despite etc.)
Sequence Signals
(First, second, third, etc.)
Types:
Illustration Signals
(For example, specifically,
for instance, to illustrate,
such as etc.)
Cause, condition, and
result signals
(Because, so, due to, so
that, while, therefore, of,
then, as, yet, for)
Emphasis Signals
(Most of all, an important
factor, most importantly
etc.)
Spatial Signals
(Between, left, behind, on,
under, around, upon etc.)
Types:
Comparison- Claim-Counterclaim
Contrast Signals
(In summary, (However, but, on
ultimately, in the other hand, get,
totality, in in contrast,
conclusion, finally, otherwise,
consequently) notwithstanding,
nevertheless, on the
contrary)
 
PATTERNS OF
ORGANIZATI
ON
IN PARAGRAPH
COMPOSITION
 GENERAL TO SPECIFIC
ORDER

The general-to-specific order is a method of 

developing a paragraph, essay, or speech by
moving from a broad observation about a 
topic to specific details in support of that
topic. 
Steps for General-
Specific Order
1. The topic sentence should
identify a general statement
about the subject.
2. The writer should choose
details that make specific
points about the general
statement.
3. The writer should make
sure the reader can
understand and relate to the
specific examples.
Going outside the house as a leisure is a
form of achieving peace for your mental
health. As a matter of fact, we can pause
and take a break for a while in order to
rest our mind, body, and soul. We can go
to places where there is enough fresh air
to breathe and silence to enjoy so that
we could be able to gather our thoughts
and ideas together. Then, after that, we
can start overcoming our challenges,
again.
 CLAIM AND
COUNTERCLAIM
This pattern of development presents a claim
which is the main argument and a
counterclaim that opposes the main argument.
It also provides various reasons to tell why
the claim is made and to support the
argument.
Key Terms for
Claim-
Counterclaim
1. Claim – It typically
Order
asserts something.
2. Counterclaim – It
rebuts the previous
claim.
3. Argument – It is an
exchange of diverging
or opposite views.
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION

A problem-solution pattern divides

information into two main sections, one
that describes a problem and one that
describes a solution.
Problem-Solution
Example Pattern
I. Problem: Motorized II. Solution: Riding Bicycles
Transportation
1. Bike riding reduces the number of
1. Increasing traffic motorized vehicles in use
congestion 2. Bike riding is not a source of
2. Increasing pollution pollution
3. Increasing "road rage" 3. Bike riding has physical and
from traffic-related psychological health benefits
stress
 CAUSE-EFFECT
PATTERN

This pattern is used to show the

different causes and effects of
various conditions.
Cause-Effect
Patterns
I. Causes of Conflict I. Cause: Expanding the issues
Escalation
1. Effect: Lose focus on original
1. Expanding the issues
2. Personal attacks issues
2. Effect: Cycle of defensive
II. Effects of these causes responses
Lose focus on original issue II. Cause: Personal attacks
3. Cycle of defensive
responses 3. Effect: Negative emotions
4. Win-Lose orientation 4. Effect: Win-Lose orientation
5. Negative emotions
 SEQUENTIAL PATTERN

It arranges information according

to a step-by-step sequence that
describes a particular process. 
 Sequential Pattern
Example
I. Step One: Harvest the grapes
1. Harvesting procedure number one IV. Step Four: Press the grapes
2. Harvesting procedure number two

II. Step Two: Prepare the grapes 1.Pressing procedure number one
1. Preparation procedure number one 2.Pressing procedure number two
2. Preparation procedure number two

III. Step Three: Ferment the grapes V. Step Five: Age the wine
3. Fermenting procedure number one 1. Aging procedure number one
4. Fermenting procedure number two 2. Aging procedure number two
 AVANTAGE-DISADVANTAGES
PATTERN

This pattern organizes information about

a topic by dividing it up into its "good"
and "bad" parts, or pro's and con's.
Advantages-
Disadvantages Example

I. Advantages

1. Cost
2. Accessibility

II. Disadvantages

3. Number of educational
programs
4. Quality of instruction
 SPATIAL PATTERNS

A spatial pattern of organization arranges

information according to how things fit
together in physical space, i.e., where
one thing exists in relation to another. 
SPATIAL PATTERN
EXAMPLE

Topic: Supposed you are I. Downtown Waterfront

describing the forms of 1. Aquarium
2. Pike Place Market
entertainment available at
Seattle II. Seattle Center
1. Space Needle
2. Pacific Science Center

III. University District

3. University of Washington campus
4. The "Ave" (shops on University Avenue)
 TOPICAL ORDER/PATTERN

A topical pattern arranges information

according to different sub-topics within a
larger topic, or the "types" of things that fall
within a larger category. Using this pattern,
each "type" represents a main section of
information.
 TOPICAL ORDER
EXAMPLE
Topical Pattern Example (Based on Color)
I. Red Wines II. White Wines
A. European A. European
1. Bordeaux 1. Bordeaux
2. Burgundy 2. Burgundy
3. Chianti 3. Mosel

B. Californian B. Californian
4. Cabernet Sauvignon 4. Sauvignon Blanc
5. Pinot Noir 5. Chardonnay
6. Zinfandel 6. Riesling
Thank you for listening!

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questions?

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