Development

Structure and Function

Life Stages
-fertilization to death

-3 prenatal stages and 5 postnatal stages

1. Germinal period- fertilization to 14 days
2. Embryo- 14 to 56 days after fertilization
3. Fetus- 56 days after fertilization to birth

4. Neonate- birth to 1 month

5. Infant- 1 month to 1 or 2 years
6. Child- 1 or 2 years old to puberty
7. Adolescent- from puberty to 20 years old
8. Adult- 20 years old to death
Prenatal Development
-period from conception to birth

3 parts:
• First two (2) weeks- formation of primitive germ layers
• 2nd-8th week- major organ systems development
• Last 7 months- growth and maturation of organ systems

Embryo- the developing human between the time of

fertilization and 8 weeks of development
Fetus- from 8 weeks to birth

Clinical Age- is calculated using LMP (Last Menstrual Period)

Developmental Age- begins with fertilization (assumed to
occur approximately 14 days after LMP)
Fertilization – the union of sperm cell and secondary
oocyte, with the union of their genetic material (chromosomes)
requires:
- Swimming ability of sperm cells
- Muscular contractions of the uterus and uterine tubes
- Oxytocin release by the female posterior pituitary and
prostaglandins within the semen to stimulate contractions in
the uterus and uterine tubes
Capacitation- while passing through the uterus and uterine
tubes; makes the sperm cell capable of releasing enzymes—
digest a pathway through the cumulus cells and the zona
pellucida of the secondary oocyte

Secondary oocyte is capable of fertilization up to about 1 day after

ovulation; sperm cells remain viable in the female reproductive tract
for up to 6 days, although most of them degenerate before that time.
Product: zygote
Early Cell Division
18-36 hours after fertilization,
the zygote divides to form 2
cells—4 cells—8 cells..so on

Morula- 12-16 cells of

embryonic mass (2-3 days after
fertilization)

Blastocyst- mass of cells w/ a

fluid-filled cavity(blastocele)
Inner cell mass- thickened area
—stem cells are derived-giving
rise to all cells of the body

Trophoblast- remaining cells of

the blastocyts; forms the
placenta, chorion, and amnion
Implantation of Blastocyst and
Development of the Placenta

Implantation- when blastocyst attaches itself to the uterine

wall; after 7 days of fertilization

- Trophoblast cells digest the uterine tissues as the

blastocyst burrows into the uterine wall
- Before and short time after fertilization embryo is
insensitive to environmental toxins; each cell has a yolk to
supply its own energy needs
- Chorion form the embryonic portion of the placenta
- Chorionic villi- fingerlike projections protrude into cavities
(lacunae) of maternal endometrium that is filled w/
maternal blood
- In mature placenta, embryonic blood supply is separated
from the maternal blood supply by:
Embryonic capillary wall, basement membrane, thin layer of
chorion
Umbilical cord- connecting stalk for embryo attachment to the
placenta; carry blood from the embryo to the placenta and
from the placenta to the embryo
Amniotic cavity- forms inside the inner cell mass; embryo
will grow in this cavity
Amniotic sac- membrane of amniotic cavity filled w/ amniotic
fluid ( a protective cushion for embryo)
Maternal Changes

HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)- secreted by the

chorion causes the corpus luteum to remain functional;
secretion begins after implantation and reaches a peak at 8-9
weeks after fertilization

-corpus luteum continue to secrete estrogen and progesterone

for the 1st three months
- Placenta then secretes sufficient amount of estrogen and
progesterone to maintain pregnancy
Formation of Germ
Layers
3 germ layers:
- for tissue development
Ectoderm-
Mesoderm-
Endoderm-
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
Epidermis of the skin Dermis of the skin Lining of GI tract

Toot enamel Circulatory system Lining of lungs

Eyes, ears, nose Substance of glands Lining of hepatic, pancreatic

ducts
Brain and Spinal cord Kidneys Kidney ducts; bladder

Somatic motor neurons Gonads Anterior pituitary

Autonomic neurons Muscle Thymus gland

Melanocytes Bones (except facial) Thyroid gland

Sensory neurons Parathyroid gland

Adrenal medulla tonsils

Facial bones

Teeth: dentin

Skeletal muscles in
Formation of General Body Structure

Notochord- marks the central axis of the developing

embryo

Limb buds- arms and legs at 28 days after fertilization—at 35th

day and foot plates forms, cell death later sculpture the fingers
and toes.

Processes- five masses of tissue where face develops:

Frontonasal process-forms the forehead, nose, center of the
upper jaw and lip
Two maxillary processes- form the upper and lower jaw
Two mandibular processes- form the lower lip and jaw
Formation of the Neural Tube
Development of the Face
Limb Buds—Hands & Feet--Finger and Toes
Development of Organ Systems

Organogenesis- major organ systems development; occur at

2nd to eight week of development
Fetal Growth
5th month
Parturition
- Refers to the process by which the baby is born
- Cervix gradually dilates, and strong uterine contractions help
expel the fetus from the uterus through the vagina (Labor-
w/ 3 stages)
- Just before expulsion of the fetus, the amniotic sac ruptures
and amniotic fluid flow

Gestation period- length of pregnancy; 280 days or 40 weeks