Mod 2 Solar Geo, Flux, TH Con

Module 2
Solar Radiation Geometry:

• Flux on a plane surface,
• latitude,
• declination angle,
• surface azimuth angle,
• hour angle,
• zenith angle,
• solar altitude angle expression for the angle between the incident
beam and the normal to a plane surface (No derivation)
• local apparent time.
• Apparent motion of sun,
• day length,
• numerical examples.
Dept of Mech Engg KLE Inst of Tech Hubli, Non Conventional Energy Sources (18ME651) 1
Solar Radiation Geometry
• SOLAR ENERGY • The direct/
beam radiation received from the Sun on the
Earth is almost parallel.
• Brightness of the Sun varies from its centre to
its edge, however , for engineering
calculations , it is assumed to be uniform over
the entire solar disc.
Solar Radiation
• Solar radiation is radiant energy emitted
by the sun from a nuclear fusion reaction that
creates electromagnetic energy. The spectrum
of solar radiation is close to that of a black
body with a temperature of about 5800 K.
About half of the radiation is in the visible
short-wave part of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
• If,
• Rb- Beam Radiation (direct solar radiation)
• Rd- Diffuse Radiation (solar radiation after diffusion)
• Rr- Reflected radiation (solar radiation after reflection from surface)
• Rt- Total solar radiation on tilted surface
• Then,
• Rt = Rb + Rd + Rr
Flux on a plane surface
• Flux is a measure of how much of the field passes through
a given surface. F is decomposed into components
perpendicular (⊥) and parallel ( ll ) to n. ... Top: Three
field lines through a plane surface, one normal to
the surface, one parallel, and one intermediate.
• Radiant flux reflected by a surface, divided by that
received by that surface. Spectral flux reflected by
a surface, divided by that received by that surface.
Radiance reflected by a surface, divided by that received
by that surface.
(a)
SOLAR RADIATION GEOMETRY
Latitude (Angle of Latitude), (φ) The
latitude of a location on earth’s surface is
the angle made by radial line, joining the
given location to the center of the earth,
with its projection on the equator plane
as shown in Fig. 4.13(a). The latitude is
positive for northern hemisphere and
negative for southern hemisphere.
(b) Declination, (δ) It is defined as the angular
displacement of the sun from the plane of
earth’s equator as shown in Fig. 4.13(b). It
is positive when measured above
equatorial plane in the northern
hemisphere. The declination δ can be
approximately determined from the
equation:
Where n is day of the year counted from 1st

January
Declination angle
Variation in sun’s declination
Variation in sun’s declination
Hour Angle (ω)
(c) Hour Angle, (ω) The hour angle at any moment is
the angle through which the earth must turn to bring
the meridian of the observer directly in line with
sun’s rays.
Hour Angle (ω)
In other words, at any moment, it is the angular displacement of
the sun towards east or west of local meridian (due to rotation
of the earth on its axis).
The earth completes one rotation in 24 hours. Therefore, one hour
corresponds to 15° of rotation.
At solar noon, as sunrays are in line with local meridian, hour
angle is zero.
It is +ve in the forenoon and –ve in the afternoon.
Thus at 06:00 hrs it is +90° and at 18:00 hrs it is –90° as shown in
Fig. 4.15.
Convention of measuring it from noon based on LAT, being +ve in
the morning and –ve in the afternoon.
It can be calculated as:
ω = [12:00 – Solar Time] (in hours) × 15 degrees
Inclination Angle, Zenith Angle, Solar Azimuth Angle
(d) Inclination Angle (Altitude), (α) The

angle between sun’s ray and its
projection on horizontal surface is
known as inclination angle, as shown
in Fig
(e) Zenith Angle, (θz) It is the angle
between sun’s ray and perpendicular
(normal) to the horizontal plane.
(f) Solar Azimuth Angle (ϒs) It is the
angle on a horizontal plane, between
the line due south and the projection
of sun’s ray on the horizontal plane. It
is taken as +ve when measured from
south towards west.
Slope(Tilt Angle), Surface Azimuth angle
(g) Slope (Tilt Angle), (β) It is the
angle between inclined plane
surface, under consideration
and the horizontal. It is taken to
be +ve for the surface sloping
towards south.
(h) Surface Azimuth Angle, (ϒ) It is
the angle in horizontal plane,
between the line due south (OS)
and the horizontal projection of
normal to the inclined plane
surface (OQ). It is taken as +ve
when measured from south
towards west.
Angle of incidence
Angle of Incidence, (θi) It is the

angle between sun’s ray
incident on the plane
surface (collector) and the
normal to that surface.
Equation 4.7
Hour Angle
Apparent motion of sun
• The apparent motion of the sun, caused by
the rotation of the Earth about its axis,
changes the angle at which the direct
component of light will strike the Earth. From
a fixed location on Earth, the sun appears to
move throughout the sky.
Radiation flux on tilted surface
• The tilt angle has a major impact on the solar
radiation incident on a surface. For a
fixed tilt angle, the maximum power over the
course of a year is obtained when the tilt angle is
equal to the latitude of the location. ... The Module
Power is the solar radiation striking a tilted module.
Radiation Flux on a Tilted Surface
• Total radiation incident on an inclined surface consists of three
components:
(i) beam radiation
(ii) diffuse radiation and
(iii) radiation reflected from ground and surroundings.
It may be mentioned here that both beam and diffuse components of
radiation undergo reflection from the ground and surroundings.
Total radiation on a surface of arbitrary orientation may be
evaluated as:
IT = Ib rb + Id rd + (Ib + Id) rr
where rb , rd and rr are known as tilt factors
(for beam, diffuse and reflected components)
Numerical Example
Given: ϒ = 0˚, φ = 28˚ 35’ = 28.58˚, β = 36˚, ω = 45˚ (at 0900 hrs),
= 23.45 x sin = 14. 90˚

n is day of the year counted from 1st January
On May 1, Jan 31+ Feb 28 + March 31+ April 30 + May 1, hence n = 121
cos θ = sin 14.90˚ sin (28.58˚ - 36˚) + cos 14.90 cos 45 cos (28.58˚ - 36˚) = 0.6444
θ = 48.9˚
Solar Thermal Conversion
Collection and storage, thermal collection devices
• liquid flat plate collectors,
• solar air heaters concentrating collectors (cylindrical,
parabolic, paraboloid) (Quantitative analysis);
• sensible heat storage, latent heat storage,
application of solar energy water heating. Space
heating and cooling, active and passive systems,
power generation, refrigeration. Distillation
(Qualitative analysis) solar pond, principle of
working, operational problems.
Solar Thermal Conversion
• The solar collector is the key element in solar thermal
systems.
• It absorbs the solar radiation and converts it into a useable
form of heat energy
• Collection of solar energy is based on the very high absorption
of radiant energy by dull black surfaces.
Solar Collectors
• A solar collector is an object that is used to collect energy from
the sun, which it does by absorbing solar radiation and
converting it into heat or electricity.
• The material type and coating on a solar collector are used to
maximize solar energy absorption.
• Solar collectors are distinguished as
low, medium, high temperature heat exchangers.
• There are basically two types of thermal solar collectors:
Stationary or non-concentrating and concentrating.
• Although there are great geometric differences, their
purpose remains the same: to convert the solar radiation into
heat to satisfy some energy needs.
Thermal collection devices
• Solar thermal collectors heating water
• Flat plate collectors. Two flat plate solar collectors side-by-
side. ...
• Evacuated tube collectors. ...
• Comparisons of flat plate and evacuated tube collectors. ...
• Evacuated flat plate collectors. ...
• Applications. ...
• Space heating and ventilating. ...
• Process heating. ...
• Solar air heating collector types.
Liquid flat plate collectors
• A flat plate collector (FPC) is made of fluid tubes
(filled with flowing heat transfer fluid (HTF)
connected to a darkened (high absorptivity) flat
plate absorber that collects the sunlight and transfers
the heat energy to the tubes.
Refer
Solar Energy by Sukhatme
Refer
Refer
Refer
Solar air heater concentrating collectors
• Solar air heating technology has made considerable
progress. ... The concentrating air collector emergence makes
it possible to raise the outlet temperature of the air up to
about 140°C, greatly improving the operating temperature of
the heating air type humidification–dehumidification
desalination system.
solar air heaters concentrating cylindrical
collectors
• Consider accordant literature where gathered
information about five mine types of solar
collectors described below.
• Tank-type collector. In an Integral Collector Storage
unit, the hot water storage tank is the solar absorber. ...
• Pool collector. ...
• Flat-plate collector. ...
• Evacuated tube collector. ...
• Concentrating collector.
Solar air heaters concentrating collectors
(cylindrical, parabolic, paraboloid)

Mod 2 Solar Geo, Flux, TH Con

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Module 2

Solar Radiation Geometry:

Where n is day of the year counted from 1st

(d) Inclination Angle (Altitude), (α) The

Angle of Incidence, (θi) It is the

= 23.45 x sin = 14. 90˚

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