TT GB External Lightning Protection

Welcome to PHOENIX CONTACT
External Lightning
Protection
Table of contents
 Protection level
 Positioning of air-termination systems
 Rolling sphere method
 Protective angle method
 Mesh method
 Positioning of down-conductor systems
 Distances between down/ring conductors
 Determination of safety distances
 Earth-termination systems
 Type A arrangement
 Type B arrangement
2
Protection level (Pl)
Pl: I 2,9 – 200 99% pot*
Pl: II 5,4 – 150 97% pot*
Pl: III 10,1 – 100 91% pot*
Pl: IV 15,7 – 100 84% pot*
î/[kA]
0 10 50 100 150 200
*pot: probability of trapping
3
Positioning of air-termination systems
General
rolling sphere
method
protective angle
method mesh
method r
4
General
1. Rolling sphere method

Suitable for each kind of structure. It‘s adequate if no point of the volume be
protected comes into contact with a sphere (radius r) by rolling on the ground,
around and on the top of this structure in all possible direction. r
Therefore the sphere will have to touch only the ground and/or the air-
termination system.
2. Protective angle method

Suitable for simple structures. It‘s adequate if the structure is fully
situated within the volume by the air-termination system.
3. Mesch method
Suitable for the protection of flat surfaces.
5
General
Protection level Pl I II III IV
Probabilty of trapping P [%] 99 97 91 84
Minimum peak current I [kA] 2,9 5,4 10,1 15,7
Maximum peak current I [kA] 200 150 100 100
Rolling sphere radius r [m] 20 30 45 60
Mesh size M [m] 5x5 10 x 10 15 x 15 20 x 20
Protection angle a [°] see table see table see table see table
6
Positioning of air-termination systems by using
the rolling sphere method
General
I II
IV
III
7
Simple building
8
Complex building
R R
R
R
9
Construction of volume to be protected
1. example
interception tip
protected volume
10
Positioning of air-terminal systems by using the
rolling sphere method
Construction of volume to be protected, graphic
1. example
interception tip
r
r
r
r
r r
r protected volume
r
11
2. example
interception tip
protected volume
12
Construction of volume to be protected, graphic
2. example
interception tip
r
rr
r
r r
r
r r
r
protected volume
r
13
Penetration depth p
r rolling sphere radius
h1 height of the interception rods
d distance between the interception rodsFangstangen
p penetration depth
h2 height of the structure to be protected r
h1 - h 2 > p
d
p
h1
h2
14
Penetration depth p
Distance Protection level

2 between I II III IV
2d  interception Rolling sphere radius r [m]
p  r  r   rods 20 30 45 60
2
d [m] Penetration depth p [m]
1 0,006 0,004 0,003 0,002
2 0,03 0,02 0,01 0,01
3 0,06 0,04 0,03 0,02
4 0,10 0,07 0,04 0,03
5 0,16 0,10 0,07 0,05
6 0,23 0,15 0,10 0,08
7 0,31 0,20 0,14 0,10
8 0,40 0,27 0,18 0,13
9 0,51 0,34 0,23 0,17
10 0,64 0,42 0,28 0,21
15 1,46 0,95 0,63 0,47
20 2,68 1,72 1,13 0,84
15
Simple building
...to extensive for simple

buildings
16
the protective angle method
General
A1
A 1 = A2
h  A2
protected
volume
h x tan
17
Determination of the protection angle
 [°]
80
70
60
50
40
30
20 I II III IV
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 h[m]
18
Determination of the protection angle
Height h [m] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Prot. level I 67 67 67 65 59 57 54 52 49 47 45 42 40 37 35
Protection
Prot. level II 71 71 71 69 65 62 60 58 56 54 52 50 49 47 45
angle
Prot. level III 74 74 74 72 70 68 66 64 62 61 59 58 57 55 54
 [°]
Prot. level IV 78 78 78 76 73 71 69 68 66 65 64 62 61 60 59
Height h [m] 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Prot. level I 33 30 28 25 23
Protection
Prot. level II 44 42 40 39 37 36 35 33 32 30 29 27 26 25 23
angle
Prot. level III 53 52 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 40 39 38 37
 [°]
Prot. level IV 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 49 48 47 46 45
Height h [m] 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Prot. level I
Protection
Prot. level II
angle
Prot. level III 36 35 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23
 [°]
Prot. level IV 44 44 43 42 41 40 40 39 38 37 37 36 35 35 34
Height h [m] 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Prot. level I
Protection
Prot. level II
angle
Prot. level III
 [°]
Prot. level IV 33 32 32 31 30 30 29 28 27 27 26 25 25 24 23
19
Consideration of the reference planes
h2 2 2
h1
1 1
20
1. example
A
Attention: 2D

h1
protected volume
h
B 0 C
21
1. example
Attention! A
Attention! 
h1
protected volume
h
B 0 C
22
Construction of volume to be protected A
2. example
A 
 

h1
B
0
C
B protected volume
0 C
23
Construction of volume to be protected A
3. example
A 
 

h1
B
0
C
B protected volume
0 C
24
the mesh method
Examples
M
flat-topped roof M
C.
Wa
g en
er
gable roof
M
C.
Wa
ge
n er
25
Positioning of down-conductor systems
Distances between down/ring conductors
Protection Typical distance

level [m]
The consideration of the „typically
I 10 distances“ doesn‘t release from
II 10
III 15
the mathematical calculation of
IV 20 the safety distance!
d>s
d distance between lightning protection system on the one hand and
the electrical and metallic installations of on the other hand
s safety distance
26
General
no need of additional down-conductors

in case of steel masts (or similar)
minimum 2 down-conductors - to be
spaced equal arount the perimeter
down-conductors at each end of line
C. C.
W ag W ag
en en
e r er
27
Checking of the safety distance s
s
d
l d>s
l vertical distance to the nearest equipotential bonding point
28
Calculation of the safety distance s
kc
s  ki   l m
km
d distance between lightning protection system on the one hand and the
electrical and metallic installations on the other hand
s safety distance
ki depends on the selected protection level
kc depends on the lightning current flowing on the down-conductor
km depends on the electrical insulation material of d
l vertical distance to the nearest equipotential bonding point
29
Determination of the coefficients ki and km
Protection level ki Material km

I 0,1 Concrete, bricks 0,5
II 0,075 Air 1
III 0,05 PVC 20
IV 0,05 PE 60
Regarding the determination of km

the most unfavourable material is
to be selected!!!
30
Determination of the coefficient kc
Earth electrodes are not connected to each other
kc  1
C. C.
Wa W ag
ge en
n er er
31
Interception wire, earth electrodes are connected to
each other
hc
kc 
2h  c
c
c
h
h
C. C.
W W ag
ag en
en er
er
32
Meshed interception system, earth electrodes are
connected to each other
1 c s cd
kc   0,1  0,2  3 6
2n h cs
n number of down-
conductors
d
cs distance from the nearest
down-conductor
cd distance from the nearest
h cs cd
down-conductor on the
opposite side
33
Meshed interception system, down-conductors are
connected by additional ring-conductors
1 c s cd
kc1   0,1  0,2  3 6
2n h cs
1
kc 2   0,1
n
1
kc3   0,01
n
1
kc 4  kc 5  kc 6  ...  kcm 
n
34
Earth-termination systems
Minimum length l1 of earth electrodes
l1 [m]
90
80 I
70
60
50 II
40
30
20
10 III/IV
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 [m]
35
Type A arrangement
l1 [m]
90- length of horizontal lh = l1

80 electrodes I
70- length of vertical electrodes lv = l1 • 0,5
60 (e.g. deep-driven earthing rods)
50 or inclined electrodes II
40
30
20
10 III/IV
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 [m]
36
Type B arrangement
l1 [m]
90- mean radius (regarding the r = l1

80 enclosed area) of I
70 ring earthing electrodes and
60 foundation earthing electrodes
50 II
40
30
20
10 III/IV
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 [m]
37
Type B arrangement, r < l1
l1 [m]
90In case of r < l1 additional horizontal or vertical

80earthing electrodes (or inclined earthing I
70electrodes) must be installed!
60- length of the additional horizontal electrodes
50 l = l - r II
h 1
40
- length of the additional vertical electrodes
30
l v = l1 - r
20
2 III/IV
10
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 [m]
38

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Welcome to PHOENIX CONTACT

Pl: I 2,9 – 200 99% pot*

Pl: II 5,4 – 150 97% pot*

Pl: III 10,1 – 100 91% pot*

Pl: IV 15,7 – 100 84% pot*

1. Rolling sphere method

2. Protective angle method

Protection level Pl I II III IV

Probabilty of trapping P [%] 99 97 91 84

Minimum peak current I [kA] 2,9 5,4 10,1 15,7

Maximum peak current I [kA] 200 150 100 100

Rolling sphere radius r [m] 20 30 45 60

Mesh size M [m] 5x5 10 x 10 15 x 15 20 x 20

Distance Protection level

2d  interception Rolling sphere radius r [m]

...to extensive for simple

Protection Typical distance

no need of additional down-conductors

down-conductors at each end of line

l vertical distance to the nearest equipotential bonding point

Protection level ki Material km

Regarding the determination of km

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 [m]

90- length of horizontal lh = l1

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 [m]

90- mean radius (regarding the r = l1

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 [m]

90In case of r < l1 additional horizontal or vertical

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 [m]

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