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Reject Ho A B
Correct Type I Error
Study (True positive) ()
Results (False Positive)
Fail to reject C D
Ho Type II error (ß) Correct
(False negative) (True Negative)
P values :
Measure of a Type I error (random error)
Probability that you have obtained your
study results by chance alone, given that
your null hypothesis is true
If p=0,05, there is just 5% chance that an
observed association in your sample is
due to random error
Review of Statistical Concept
Power :
Power = 1 – ß
If ß = .20 then power = .80; we will
accept a 20% chance of missing an
association of a particular size between an
exposure and an outcome if one really
exists
Review of Statistical Concept
Power ≈ sensitivitas pada uji diagnostik
Kemampuan penelitian untuk
mendapatkan beda yg secara statistik
bermakna, bila dlm populasi perbedaan
tersebut ada
Kekuatan untuk menolak Ho pada data
penelitian, bila dalam populasi terdapat
perbedaan hasil klinis
Sastroasmoro, 2002
Review of Statistical Concept
Power = 80% berarti penelitian tersebut
mempunyai peluang sebesar 80% untuk
mendeteksi perbedaan hasil klinis (dalam
sampel penelitian) bila perbedaan tersebut
dalam populasi memang ada.
Nilai ß ditetapkan oleh peneliti
Power 80% → zß= 0,842; Power 90% →
zß=1,282
Makin besar power makin kecil ß atau makin
besar zß dan makin besar sampel
Sastroasmoro, 2002
Review of Statistical Concept
and ß Level
Usually range from 0.01 – 0.1 () and
from 0.05 – 0.2 (ß)
Convention = 0.05 and ß = 0.20
Use low alpha’s to avoid false positives
Use low beta’s to avoid false negatives
Increased sample size will reduce type I
and type II error
JENIS PENELITIAN
OBSERVASIONAL E
K
S
P
ESTIMASI UJI HIPOTESIS E
R
I
KOMPARASI K M
O E
R
1 POPULASI 2 POPULASI 1 POPULASI 2 POPULASI N
E
L
T
A A
K P K P K P
SI L
SIMPLE/ STRA. CLUST.
SYST. R.S. R.S. R.S.
K P K P K P
Z21-/2 2
n = -------------
d2
SATU POPULASI
(Estimasi)
Penyelesaian :
1,962 22
n = -------------
0,52
n = 61,47 = 62 ibu hamil
SATU POPULASI
(Estimasi)
Simple random sampling atau systematic
random sampling
- data kontinyu (populasi finit)
N Z21-/2 2
n = --------------------------
(N-1) d2 + Z21-/2 2
N = besar populasi
SATU POPULASI
(Estimasi)
1000 . 1,962 . 22
n = -------------------------------
(1000-1) 0,52 + 1,962 . 22
n = 57,96 = 58 ibu hamil
SATU POPULASI
(Estimasi)
Z21-/2 P (1-P)
n = --------------------
d2
SATU POPULASI
(Estimasi)
Penyelesaian :
N Z21-/2 2
n = ----------------------------------
(N-1) d2 (N/C) 2 + Z21-/2 2
SATU POPULASI
(Estimasi)
n = besar sampel (jumlah cluster)
minimum
N = besar populasi
Z1-/2= nilai distribusi normal baku (tabel
Z) pada tertentu
2 = harga varians di populasi
d = kesalahan (absolut) yang dapat
ditolerir
C= jumlah seluruh cluster di populasi
SATU POPULASI
(Estimasi)
Cluster random sampling
- data proporsi
N Z21-/2 2
n = ----------------------------------
(N-1) d2 (N/C) 2 + Z21-/2 2
SATU POPULASI
(Estimasi)
n = besar sampel (jumlah cluster) minimum
N = besar populasi
Z1-/2 = nilai distribusi normal baku (tabel Z) pada
tertentu
d = kesalahan (absolut) yang dapat ditolerir
C = jumlah seluruh cluster di populasi
2 = (ai – mi P)2/(C’-1) dan P = ai /mi
ai = banyaknya elemen yang masuk kriteria pada
cluster ke-i
mi = banyaknya elemen pada cluster ke-i
C’ = jumlah cluster sementara
SATU POPULASI
(Uji Hipotesis)
Data kontinyu
2 (Z1-/2 + Z1-) 2
n = ---------------------
(0- a)2
SATU POPULASI
(Uji Hipotesis)
Data proporsi
Data kontinyu
Z21-/2 (22 )
n = ---------------
d2
DUA POPULASI
(Estimasi)
Data proporsi
- Cross sectional
Data proporsi
- Cohort
Data proporsi
- Case control
Z21-/2 1 1
n = ------------- -------------- + -------------
[loge(1-)]2 P*1 (1-P*1) P*2 (1-P*2)
DUA POPULASI
(Uji Hipotesis)
Data kontinyu
Data proporsi
- Cross sectional
P 1 / 2( P1 P2 )
DUA POPULASI
(Uji Hipotesis)
Data proporsi
- Cohort
P1
P2 P 1 / 2( P1 P2 )
OR(1 P1 ) P1
(Z1-/2 + Z1- ) 2
n = --------------------- + 3
0,5 ln [(1+r)(1-r)]
SAMPLE SIZE FOR
RANDOMIZED CLINICAL
TRIAL
Data Proporsi
2
z 2c (1 c ) z t (1 t ) c (1 c )
n
t c
n = the number of subjects for each treatment group
z, z = the values that include alphe in the two tails and
beta in the lower tail of the standardnormal
distribution
Data Kontinyu
2
( z z )
n 2
1 2
n = The number of subjects for each treatment group
µ = The detectable difference between the means of the
two group
=The common standard deviation of each group
z ,z
= the values that include alphe in the two tails and beta
in the lower tail of the standardnormal distribution
BESAR SAMPEL
PADA
PENELITIAN
EKSPERIMENTAL
Sederhana (Rancangan acak lengkap,
rancangan acak kelompok, rancangan
faktorial) :
(t-1) (r-1) 15
t = banyak perlakuan
r = jumlah replikasi
Data kontinyu