HUMAN BEHAVIOR

AND VICTIMOLOGY
Shairah Dublin, RCrim.
PSYCHOLOGY
Is an academic and applied discipline involving the phenomenological and scientific study
of mental processes and behaviour.

Psychology as an independent experimental field of study began in 1879

Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological

research, focused on the Doctrine of Mental Powers, at Leipzig University in Germany, for
which Wundt is known as the “Father of Psychology”.
BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY
● General Psychology
● Comparative Psychology
● Developmental and Genetic Psychology
● Cognitive Psychology
● Dynamic Psychology
● Physiological Psychology
● Abnormal Psychology
● Adolescence Psychology
● Senescence Psychology
● Experimental Psychology
● Differential Psychology
● Legal Psychology
● Clinical Psychology
● Social Psychology
● Psychiatric Psychology
DR. SIGMUND FREUD (1890s)
Theory of Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Theory

Explains organically the physical, nervous, and emotional disorders.

Freud’s understanding of the mind was largely based on interpretive methods, introspection
and clinical observations.

It was focused in particular on resolving unconscious conflict, mental distress and

psychopathology.

According to Freud, “in neurotic behavior, we are faced with human action guided
principally by powerful unconscious motives whose roots can be traced to the neurotic conflicts
in inarticulate infancy.”
DR. SIGMUND FREUD (1890s)
Three Psychic Forces:
● ID - present at birth, unconscious biological drives, pleasure seeker, and uncontrollable;
“Pleasure Principle”
● Ego - strong, conscious, controllable; compensates for the demand of Id, guides man’s
actions to remain within the boundaries of social convention; “Gateway to action”,
“Reality Principle”
● Super Ego - depends on the morals of the society, resulted from incorporating within the
personality the moral standards and values of parents, community, and significant others,
tells what is right from wrong; “The Conscience”
DR. SIGMUND FREUD (1890s)
Freud also had a significant influence on Carl Jung, whose analytical psychology became
an alternative form of depth psychology.
Philosopher, Karl Popper, argued that Freud’s psychoanalytic theories were presented in
untestable form. Due to their subjective nature, Freud’s theories are often of limited interest to
many scientifically-oriented psychology departments. Followers of Freud who accept the basic
ideas of psychoanalysis but alter it in some way are called neo-Freudians. Modification of Jung’s
theories has led to the archetypal and process-oriented schools of psychological thought.
NOTABLE PERSONALITIES
● Aristotle - “Tabula Rasa” (mind is a blank sheet)
● Rene Descartes - studied the concept of Reflex Action which is significant in the study of
physiology and psychology
● St. Augustine - introduced observation and recording of the natures of one’s own
perception, thoughts, and feelings (Introspection).
BEHAVIORISM
John B. Watson was dissatisfied with introspection thinking it should be studied by
subvocal speech thru the movement of muscles in the throat.
Partly in opposition to the subjective and introspective nature of Freudian psychodynamics,
and its focus on the recollection of childhood experiences, during the early decades of the 20th
century, behaviorism gained popularity as a guiding psychological theory.
Founded by John B. Watson and embraced and extended by Edward Thorndike, Clark L.
Hull, Edward C. Tolman, and later, B.F. Skinner, behaviorism was grounded in animal
experimentation in the laboratory.
BEHAVIORISM
Behaviorists shared the view that the subject matter of psychology should be
operationalized with standardized procedures which led psychology to focus on behavior, not the
mind or consciousness. They doubted the validity of introspection for studying internal mental
states such as feelings, sensations, beliefs, desires, and other unobservable entities. In
“Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It” (1913), Watson argued that psychology “is a purely
objective experimental branch of natural science”, that “introspection forms no essential part of its
methods”, and that “the behaviorist recognizes no dividing line between man and brute.”
EXISTENTIALISM AND
HUMANISM
Humanistic psychology was developed in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviorism and
psychoanalysis, arising largely from the existential philosophy of writers such as Jean-Paul Sartre
and Soren Kierkegaard. By using phenomenology, inter subjectivity and first person categories,
the humanistic approach seeks to glimpse the whole person– not just the fragmented parts of
the personally or cognitive functioning.
EXISTENTIALISM AND
HUMANISM
Humanism focuses on uniquely human issues and fundamental issues of life, such as
self-identity, death, aloneness, freedom, and meaning.
Some of the founding theorists behind this school of thought were:
● Abraham Maslow - formulated a hierarchy of human needs.
○ Physiological Needs
○ Safety Needs
○ Sense of Belongingness/Love Needs
○ Self-Esteem
○ Self-Actualization
EXISTENTIALISM AND
HUMANISM
● Carl Rogers - created and developed client-centered therapy
● Fritz Perls - helped create and develop Gestalt therapy. It became so influential as to be
called the “Third Force” within psychology (along with behaviorism and psychoanalysis).
COGNITIVISM
As computer technology proliferated, so emerged the metaphor of mental function as
information processing. This, combined with a scientific approach to studying the mind, as well
as a belief in internal mental states, led to the rise of cognitivism as a popular model of the mind.
Cognitive psychology differs from other psychological perspectives in two key ways. First, it
accepts the use of the scientific method, and generally rejects introspection as a method of
investigation, unlike symbol-driven approaches such as Freudian psychodynamics. Second, it
explicitly acknowledges the existence of internal mental states (such as belief, desire and
motivation), whereas behaviorism does not.
COGNITIVISM
Cognitive Psychology - concerned with the mental processes involved in acquiring and using
knowledge. It has been subsumed along with other disciplines, such as philosophy of mind,
computer science, and neuroscience, under the umbrella discipline of cognitive science.

Theories:
● Herzberg’s Two-factor Theory
○ Frederick Herzberg
● Alderfer’s ERG Theory
○ Clayton Alderfer
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
● Anything an individual does that involves self-initiated action and/or reaction to a given
stimulus.
● It is composed of adoptive adjustments people make as they cope with one another, with
problems, with opportunities, and with working together-aspects, in a given situation.
● Refers to the totality of activities performed by human beings.
● A person’s attitude is the reflection of the behavior he/she will act in a specific situations.
● It is the sum total of man’s reaction to his environment or the way human beings act
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Human Being - are intelligent social animals with the mental capacity to comprehend, infer and
think in rational ways.

Human Behavior can be classified as either:

● Overt
● Covert
Common seen behaviors:
● Normal/Accepted Behavior
● Abnormal Behavior
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Major Factors that Affect Human Behavior:
● Environment
● Learning
● Heredity
Views in Human Behavior
● Neurological View
● Behavioral View
● Cognitive View
● Psychoanalytical View
● Humanistic View
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Two Basic Type of Behavior
● Inherited Behavior - these are inborn behavior, any behavioral reactions or reflexes
exhibited by people because of their inherited capabilities or the process of natural selection.
● Learned Behavior - behaviors we acquire as we age through the process of learning,
interacting, communication and we need to cope up with the changes in the environment and
improve one selves and increase the chance of survival.
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Classification of Human Behavior
● Habitual
● Instinctive
● Symbolic
● Complex
Causes of Human Behavior
● Sensation
● Perception
● Awareness
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Characteristics of Behavior
● Primarily native or primarily learned
● Evoked by External stimuli or internal need
● Automatic, voluntary, conscious or motorized
Attributes of Behavior
● Duration
● Extensity
● Intensity
● Quantity
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Abnormal Behavior
“A.B.” is a Latin initials which means “away from”. Abnormal behavior can be defined as a
behavior which is away from or deviating from the normal behavior.

Normal Behavior
Normal behavior on the other hand is one that is within the concept of a person as his own
behavior which he or she sees normal, and that people who behave as they do, are likewise normal
and those that do not behave similarly are abnormal.
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Guidelines for Judging Abnormal Behavior
● Appropriateness
● Flexibility
● Impulsivity
How People Interact: People interact by three psychological positions or behavioral patterns
called Ego States:
● Parent-ego state
● Adult-ego state
● Child-ego state
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
How People Transact
● Complimentary
● Non-complimentary
The Biological Background or Behavior
The human being is the product of heredity, environment, and education (training). At birth,
man is considered blank except for reflexes which are necessary for his survival. Some of these
reflexes are the following, sucking, swallowing, crying, and others.
STAGES OF MAN’S LIFE SPAN
● Pre-natal Stage
○ Ovum/zygote period
○ Embryo period
○ Fetus period
● Infancy Stage
○ Partunate Period
○ Neonate
● Babyhood Period
● Childhood
○ Eighteen months to three years old
○ Four to five years old
○ Six to ten years old
● Puberty
STAGES OF MAN’S LIFE SPAN
Three Stages of Puberty Period
● PrePubescent Stage
● Pubescent Stage
● Post Pubescent Stage

Adolescence - came from Latin word “adolescre” meaning “to grow as a teenager”. It is divided
into early adolescence, puberty to 17 yrs, and late adolescence, 17 to 21 yrs.
STAGES OF MAN’S LIFE SPAN
Period of Storm and Stress
● Adulthood
● Middle Age
● Old Age or Senescence

Developmental Tasks
Every stage of life has its accompanying developmental tasks. They are tasks imposed on
the individual by maturation and culture that prepare him for the next stage of life.
STAGES OF MAN’S LIFE SPAN
3 R’s of Human Developmental Task
● Response
● Reasoning
● Reaction
Stimulus - refers to any force or motion coming from the environment and which reach an
organism has the tendency to arouse.
Response - the reaction to a stimulus, in response to, in answer to.
Reasoning - mental intervention occurs upon receiving the stimuli.
Reaction - an action in mental attitude evoke by external influence.
Learning - process that brings about a change in an individual
LEARNING
Learning Process
● Knowledge is gained
● Skill is produced
● Habits, attitudes, ideals are obtained
Ways to Learn
● Self-study
● Observation
● Inquiries
LEARNING
Theories of Learning:
● Connectionism Theory
● Classical or Respondent Conditioning
● Instrumental or Operant Conditioning
Factors Affecting Learning
● Motivation
● Reinforcement
● Extinction
● Association
● Interest
● Rewards or punishments
MOTIVATION
Motivation is defined as behavior instigated by needs within the individual and directed
towards a goal that can satisfy the needs. Motivation may also be regarded as explanation for
action which influences behavior in many ways.
Categories of Motivation:
● Intrinsic
● Extrinsic
Common Theories of Motivation
● Incentive Theory
● Drive-Reduction Theory
● Goal-Setting Theory
MOTIVATION
Types of Theories and Models
● Mono-motivational theories
● Conscious and Unconscious Motivations
● Non-psychological Theories
● Machiavellianism
○ Self Control
○ Vroom’s “Expectancy Theory”
○ Escape-Seeking Dichotomy Model
■ Escapism
■ Seeking
MOTIVATION
Types of Theories and Models
● Mono-motivational theories
● Conscious and Unconscious Motivations
● Non-psychological Theories
● Machiavellianism
○ Self Control
○ Vroom’s “Expectancy Theory”
○ Escape-Seeking Dichotomy Model
■ Escapism
■ Seeking
MOTIVATION
● Cognitive Dissonance Theory
● Self-determination Theory
● Temporal Motivation Theory
● Attribution Theory

Classification of Motives (Hackman and Oldham)

● Biological Drives
○ Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
○ Testosterone
○ Progesterone
MOTIVATION
● Psychological or Social Drives - they are secondary, acquired, learned, and derived.
● Unconscious Motives - includes mostly general drives such as curiosity, maternal instinct,
and just being nice as a natural drive.
○ Drive - arousal which occurs when a need or there is an intense desire felt, strong
enough to motivate an individual to seek its satisfaction
PERSONALITY
A pattern of habits, attitudes, and traits that defines an individual’s characteristics, behavior
and qualities.
A unique and distinct totality of man’s characteristic patterns of attitudes, beliefs and
behavior that made him think and behave differently from others.
Personality is more than charm, poise, or physical appearance.

Personality Includes the Following:

● Habits ● Physical Traits
● Attitudes ● Mental Traits
PERSONALITY
Mental Abilities
● Problem Solving Ability
● Memory and Learning Ability
● Perceptual Ability
● Constructive Imagination
● Special Imagination
● Soundness of Judgment
● General Adaptability
EMOTION
Came from the latin word “Emovere” meaning “to move, to agitate or to excite”.

Theories of Emotion:
● Stoic Theories
● Aristotle Theories
● Charles Darwin
● The James-Lange Theory
● Cannon-Bard Theory
● Schachter-Singer Theory
● Lazarus Theory
EMOTION
Emotional Intelligence - a person’s ability to monitor their own and other people’s states and to
use this information to act wisely in relationships.

5 parts of Emotional Intelligence

● Self-Awareness
● Managing Emotions
● Motivation
● Empathy
● Handling Relationships

Emotional Traits - gives an individual the capacity to face different situations in life and still
maintain composure.
EMOTION
Emotional Intelligence - a person’s ability to monitor their own and other people’s states and to
use this information to act wisely in relationships.

5 parts of Emotional Intelligence

● Self-Awareness
● Managing Emotions
● Motivation
● Empathy
● Handling Relationships

Emotional Traits - gives an individual the capacity to face different situations in life and still
maintain composure.
EMOTION
Social Traits - the individual’s ability to get along fine with others.

Moral and Religious Traits - the standards of a person’s actions and behaviors.

Personality Traits that Affect Human Behavior

● Extroversion
● Introversion
● Ambiversion
● Neuroticism
● Psychoticism
EMOTION
Social Learning Theories
This theory advocate the personality traits are the result of learning as one interacts
with people. Personality is mainly composed of habits and learned responses to stimuli in the
environment.

Maslow’s Self-Actualization Theory

Maslow maintains that man is naturally good and that self-actualization is his goal. And,
blocking this goal makes man frustrated and neurotic. Aggression and destructions are not natural,
but they are the result of an environment that prevents the attainment of goals.
HUMAN NEEDS
Arises out of a person’s biological and psychological make up. They are the following:
● Biogenic Needs - refers to the needs of the body existing primarily for the maintenance of
health and protection of the body against physical injuries.
● Psychogenic or Sociogenic Needs - includes need for love, affection, security, growth and
achievement, and recognition from others.
PERSONAL CONFLICT
3 Basic Forms of Personal Conflict:
● Approach-Approach Conflict - a conflict in which the aroused motives have two
incompatible goals, both of which are desirable.
● Approach-Avoidance Conflict - a conflict which individual has a single goal with desirable
and undesirable aspects, causing mixed feelings.
● Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict - a conflict in which there is simultaneous arousal of
motives to avoid alternatives, both of which are undesirable.
FRUSTRATION
Frustration
Situation which blocks the individuals motivated behavior.
Characterized by anxiety, irritability, fatigue, or depression.

2 Kinds of Frustration
● Internal Frustration - goals, desires, instinctive drives
● External Frustration - conditions outside the person’s internal motives.
FRUSTRATION
Reactions to Frustration
People differ in the way they react to frustration. An individual’s way of reacting to
frustration is known as Coping Mechanism. Generally, people faced with frustration is
sometimes reacting to one or two ways; by fighting the problem in a constructive way and direct
way by means of breaking down the obstacles that stops a person from reaching his goal; or by
getting angry and becoming aggressive; or by running away from the problem or flight, by
sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent, and giving up without a fight. These reactions to
frustration are called fight-flight reactions.
FRUSTRATION
Frustration-tolerance
Individuals also differ in their capacity to tolerate unadjusted states or tolerance to
frustration. Some people are able to withstand prolonged periods of tension without showing signs
of abnormality. Others become neurotic or psychotic, or convert their frustration into anti-social
acts or become alcoholics or drug addicts.
FRUSTRATION
Most people react to frustration in the following ways:
● Direct Approach
● Physical Disorder
● Substitution
● Apathy
● Withdrawal or Retreat
● Fixation
● Developing Feelings of Inferiority
● Aggression
● Regression
● Use of Defense Mechanism
DEFENSE MECHANISM
They are unconscious psychological processes that serves as safety valves to provide relief
from emotional conflict and anxiety. Defense mechanism are forms of self-deception which a
person might not be aware of. They are resorted to whenever psychological equilibrium is
threatened by severe emotional injury arising from frustration.

Most Common Defense Mechanism Used:

● Identification
● Substitution ● Projection ● Sublimation
● Compensation ● Reaction Formation
● Rationalization ● Denial
● Displacement ● Repression
● Fantasy or Daydreaming ● Suppression
● Regression
DEFENSE MECHANISM
Poor or low frustration tolerance leads to unhealthy and unstable behavioral patterns or to
worst to mental distortion.

When a person is frustrated in his attempts to adjust himself to difficult situation over a long
period of time, he may try to escape from conflicts.
MENTAL DISORDERS
General Types of Mental Disorders
● Organic Disorder - brain sickness and the cause can be identified to known disease.
● Functional Disease - a mental disease which is characterized by strange behavior cannot be
traced.
○ Neurosis - a condition where a person compromises with reality by developing
imaginary ailments, anxiety, depression, phobia, obsession, or compulsion.
○ Psychosis - a mental condition where the person may withdraw from the real world
into the world of fantasy and make-believe, where a person’s hidden or unexpressed
desired can be fulfilled.
MENTAL DISORDERS
○ Psychopath or Sociopath with an Antisocial Personality - a mental disorder where
one, instead of compromising with reality, withdraw into his shell. The person may
go to the other extremes and may become very aggressive and cruel in his
behavior towards others. And, when his antisocial behavior comes in conflict with
the law, he comes a criminal.
○ Psychoneurotic Person - are those in the twilight zone between normality and
abnormality. They are not insane, but neither are they normal. The neurotic is always
tense, restless and anxious. Frequently, they have obsession, compulsion, phobia, and
in some cases, amnesia. Anxiety is the dominant characteristic.
UNHEALTHY REACTION TO
FRUSTRATION
Some individuals are incapable of making effective adjustments to their frustration. They
have not learned healthy and effective adjustment habits; hence, they are not emotionally ready to
cope with difficult problems confronting them. As a result, they may react to frustration in a
random, impulsive and inadequate manner that, does not relieve them of tension, but in fact
in creases the maladjustment.
UNHEALTHY REACTION TO
FRUSTRATION
Among these behavior pattern considered as unhealthy reactions to frustration are the
following:
● Obsession - is an idea that persistently recurs in a person’s mind sometimes against his
wish, though it may have no basis at all.
● Anxiety (Neurotic Fear) - manifested through apprehension, tension, and uneasiness
from anticipation of danger the source of which is largely unknown or unrecognized.
○ Hysteria - a type of anxiety reaction in which the individual shows one or more
symptoms that are often associated with organic disease.
Classification
■ Panic Disorder - a person suffers from brief attacks of intense terror and
apprehension, often marked by trembling, shaking, confusion, dizziness, nausea,
and/or difficulty breathing.
UNHEALTHY REACTION TO
FRUSTRATION
■ Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - is a type of anxiety disorder primarily
characterized by repetitive obsessions (distressing, persistent, and intrusive
thoughts or images) and compulsion (urges to perform specific acts or rituals).
○ Somnambulism - a person performs an act while sleeping.
○ Somnolencia - state of half-sleep and half-awake.
● Phobia - an irrational fear which is fixed, intense, uncontrollable, and most of the time has
no reasonable foundation. It is a form of Psychasthenia (a psychoneurotic condition that is
accompanied by a vast range of mental and emotional symptoms that cannot be controlled).
UNHEALTHY REACTION TO
FRUSTRATION
Common Types of Phobia
○ Achluophobia
○ Acrophobia
○ Agoraphobia
○ Ballistophobia
○ Bibliophobia
○ Caligynephobia
○ Cacophobia
○ Coitophobia
○ Hoplophobia
○ Hydrophobia
○ Necrophobia
○ Ochlophobia
UNHEALTHY REACTION TO
FRUSTRATION
● Compulsion - is an irresistible impulse to perform certain acts that are repetitive and
ritualistic. Examples are as follows:
○ Arithmomania
○ Kleptomania
○ Dipsomania
○ Pyromania
○ Pornomania
○ Plutomania
○ Opsomania
○ Technomania
○ Sebastomania
○ Ergomania
UNHEALTHY REACTION TO
FRUSTRATION
● Regression - a behavior pattern wherein a person returns to state a former adjustment
and attempts to experience them again in memory.
● Hallucination - A sensory perception in the absence of an actual external stimulus
● Schizophrenia or Dementia Praecox - is characterized by disturb thinking. It is formerly
called dementia praecox by Emil Kraepelin, a German psychiatrist. The term schizophrenia
was given by Eugene Bleuler which literally means “splitting of minds”.
UNHEALTHY REACTION TO
FRUSTRATION
Types of Schizophrenia
○ Simple Schizophrenia
○ Paranoid Schizophrenia
○ Hebephrenic Schizophrenia
○ Catatonic Schizophrenia
UNHEALTHY REACTION TO
FRUSTRATION
● Delusion - a false belief firmly held despite incontrovertible proof of evidence to the
contrary.
○ Delusions of Grandeur
○ Delusion of Persecution
○ Delusions of Reference
● Memory Disorder or Amnesia - partial memory loss caused by painful memories
associated with some shocking experiences which are repressed and cannot be recalled.
UNHEALTHY REACTION TO
FRUSTRATION
There are two main types of amnesia:
○ Retrograde Amnesia
○ Anterograde Amnesia

● Traumatic Neuroses - the individual fears for his/her safety

● Operational Fatigue - “war neurosis”, manifested in response to a battle environment.

SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
“Soma” means body. It involves a neurotic pattern in which the individuals complain of
bodily symptoms that suggest the presence of a physical problem, but which no organic basis can
be found.

Three Distinct Somatoform Patterns

● Somatization Disorder
● Conversion Disorders and Somatoform Pain Disorders
○ Conversion Disorder
○ Somatoform Pain Disorder
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
Conditions involving sudden alterations in cognition, characterized by change in memory,
perceptions or “identity”.

Types of Dissociative Disorders

● Amnesia
● Psychogenic Fugue State
● Depersonalization
● Multiple Personality
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Formerly referred to as “character disorders” are a class of personality types and behaviors
defined as “an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the
expectations of the culture of the individual who exhibits it.”
AFFECTIVE DISORDER
Set of psychiatric diseases with symptoms which typically affect one’s mood.

Types of Affective Disorder

● Depression - often characterized by feelings of extreme hopelessness and sadness.
● Bipolar Disorder - state wherein the person experiences alternating period of depression
and periods of mania, which is the feeling of being extremely positive and active.
● Anxiety Disorder - characterized by feelings of anxiety, fear, and nervousness.
PARANOIA
Refers to cases showing delusions and impaired contact with reality but without the severe
personality disorganization characteristic of schizophrenia. The main symptom is characterized by
“suspicion”.

Common Types of Paranoia

● Persecutory Paranoia
● Litigious Paranoia
● Erotic Paranoia
● Exalted Paranoia
● Jealous Paranoia
COPYCAT CRIME
Crime inspired by another crime that has been publicized in the news media or fictionally or
artistically represented in which the offender incorporates aspects of the original offense.

Different Clusters/Class of Personality Disorders

● Cluster A (odd or eccentric disorders)
○ Schizoid Personality Disorder
○ Schizotypal Personality Disorder
COPYCAT CRIME
● Cluster B (dramatic, emotional or erratic disorders)
○ Antisocial Personality Disorder
○ Borderline Personality Disorder
○ Histrionic Personality Disorder
○ Narcissistic Personality Disorder
● Cluster C (anxious or fearful disorders)
○ Avoidant Personality Disorder
○ Dependent Personality Disorder
○ Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
SEXUAL DEVIANCY
A sexual behavior that seeks stimulation and sexual gratification by means other than
heterosexual relation.

Sexual Intercourse or Copulation or Coitus

The insertion and thrusting of a male’s genitals into a female’s vagina for the purposes of
sexual pleasure or reproduction.

Sexuality or Heterosexuality
The only normal sexual relation between members of the opposite sex that could lead to
reproduction.
SEXUAL DEVIANCY
Different Deviant Sexual Behaviors
● Masochism ● Satyriasis
● Sadism ● Nymphomania
● Voyeurism ● Frottage
● Transvestism ● Exhibitionism
● Fetishism ● Troilism
● Coprolalia ● Sodomy
● Don Juanism ● Pluralism
● Infantosexual (phedophilia) ● Cunnilingus
● Gerontophilia ● Fellatio
SEXUAL DEVIANCY
● Homosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior between
members of the same sex or gender. As an orientation, homosexuality refers to “an enduring
pattern of or disposition to experience sexual, affectionate, or romantic attractions”
primarily or exclusively to people of the same sex.
● Incest is sexual intercourse between family members and close relatives.
● Pedophilia is a child molester that victimizes young boys that could lead to sodomy.
● Bestiality (Zoophilia) - is a paraphilia involving sexual activity between human and non-
human animals or a fixation on such a practice.
SEXUAL DEVIANCY
● Necrophilia - also called thanatophilia or necrolagnia, is the sexual attraction to corpses.
● Exhibitionism - sexual gratification is attained by exposing some private parts of the body.
● Voyeurism - sexual gratification is attained by witnessing a nude man and woman in the
actual sexual act. It is the sexual interest in or practice of spying on people engaged in
intimate behaviors, such as undressing, sexual activity, or other actions usually considered
to be of a private nature.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
Crisis (from the Greek word “krisis” meaning “to separate” plural: “crises” “critical”) is any
event that is, or expected to lead to an unstable and dangerous situation affecting an individual,
group, community, or whole society.
Crisis Management - is the action by which an organization deals/handles with a major
event that threatens to harm the organization, its stakeholders, or the general public. The study of
crisis management originated with the large scale industrial and environmental disasters in the
1980s.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
Emergency - from the Latin word “emergentia” meaning “dipping” “plunging”. It is a sudden
condition that needs an immediate action. It is also a situation that poses an immediate risk to
health, life, property, or environment. Most emergencies require urgent intervention to prevent a
worsening of the situation.

Disaster - a natural or man-made (or technological) hazard resulting in an event of substantial

extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the
environment. A disaster can be ostensibly defined as any tragic event stemming from events such
earthquakes, floods, catastrophic accidents, fires, or explosions.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
Types of Crisis
● Natural Crisis
○ Earthquakes
○ Volcanic Eruptions
○ Tornadoes
○ Hurricanes
● Man-made Crisis
○ Civil Disturbance
○ Revolt
○ Revolution
○ War
○ Kidnapping
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
● Confrontational Crisis - it occurs when discontented individuals and/or groups fight
businesses, government, and various interest groups to win acceptance of their demands and
expectations.
○ Boycotts
○ Blockade
● Crisis of Malevolence (causing hard or evil) - an organization faces a crisis of malevolence
when opponents or miscreant individuals uses criminals for the purpose of expressing
hostility or anger toward, or seeking gain from, a company, country, or economic system,
perhaps with the aim of destabilizing or destroying it.
○ Product Tampering
○ Malicious Rumors
○ Espionage
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
Classification of Crisis
● Economic Crisis
○ An economic crisis is a sharp transition to a recession.
● Environmental Crisis
○ A natural disaster is the consequence of a natural hazard (eg. earthquake, landslide).
● International Crisis
○ In this context, a crisis can be loosely defined as a situation where there is a
perception of threat, heightened anxiety, expectation of possible violence and the
belief that any actions will have far-reaching consequences.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
Purpose of Crisis Management - “Salvatari Vitas” means to save lives

Phases of Crisis Management

● Proactive Phase
○ Prediction
○ Prevention
○ Preparation
● Reactive Phase
○ Performance
○ Initial Action
○ Action
○ Post Action
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
NDRRMC - National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council was established for the
natural calamities.

NPOC - National Peace and Order Council is for man-made crisis.

Hostage Crisis - a set of circumstances wherein a suspected law violator is holding a person
captive by the use of force, violence, or threat of violence and the police are in close confrontation
with the suspect and his captive.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
Ten (10) Steps to Take During Crisis
● Assess the situation
● Draw preliminary plan of action
● Line up a crisis management team
● Set up a crisis management center
● Communication System
● Prioritize Matters
● Face problems one at a time
● Prepare detailed plans
● Continuously monitor what exactly is happening
● Evaluate actions and reactions
HOSTAGE TAKING
Hostage Incident Situation
It is a set of circumstances wherein a suspected law violator is holding a person captive
with the use of force and threat of violence while the law enforcement officers are in close
contact with the suspect and his captive.
It is any incident in which people are being held by another person or persons against their
will, usually by force or coercion, and demands are being made by the hostage taker.

Persons Involved
● Hostage Taker
● Hostage
● Negotiator
● Ground/Incident Commander
HOSTAGE TAKING
Priorities in Hostage Situation
● Preservation of life
● Arrest of the hostage taker, recover and protect property
● Successfully negotiate

Phases in Hostage Situation

● Capture Phase
● Transport/Consolidation Phase
● Holding Phase
● Termination Phase
HOSTAGE TAKING
Principles in Hostage Negotiation
● The hostage has no value to the hostage taker (tool)
● The priorities in the hostage situations are the preservation of life and the apprehension of
the hostage taker, recover and protect property.
● Hostage situation must not go violently.
● There must be a need to live on the part of the hostage taker.
Characteristics of Hostage Takers
● Mentally Deranged
● Severe Depression
● Personality Disorder
● Paranoid
● Sociopathic Personality
HOSTAGE TAKING
3 Choices for the Hostage Taker to Take Before and During the Hostage Situation
● Choose martyrdom, kill the hostage and commit suicide
● Lessen the demands to a more achievable proportion and continue negotiations
● Surrender to the police
Types of Hostage Takers
● Terrorist
● Criminals/Professional
● Prisoner
HOSTAGE TAKING
Hostage Negotiation - in hostage situation the general tendency of the hostage taker is to hostage
a prominent personality in order to gain needed leverage in the negotiation. What is important in
this situation is improved communication and the efficiency of the police in responding to the call
of emergency.

Command Post - place wherein the ground commander and concerned parties monitor and
exercise command over the hostage incident.
HOSTAGE TAKING
Hostage Crisis Response Team
● The Ground Commander aka Incident Commander
● Negotiator
● Secondary or Backup Negotiator
● Intelligence Officer
● The Assault Team or Tactical Team
● Other Concerned Units or Personnel
○ Fire Dept.
○ Health Dept.
○ LGU
HOSTAGE TAKING
Inner and Outer Perimeter
● The Inner Perimeter - immediate controlled area of containment designated by the ground
commander.
● The Outer Perimeter - is the secondary control area surrounding the inner perimeter,
providing safe zone for access to the inner perimeter.

Important Things to Have a Successful Hostage Negotiation

● Expertise in their respective field (negotiator, tactical team)
● Advance knowledge (psychology) for negotiator
● Training
● Equipment
● Proper Coordination
HOSTAGE TAKING
Immediate Actions of the Negotiator Upon Arrival at the Scene of Incident
● Containment
● Establish Contact
● Time Lengthening
● Telephone Negotiation Technique
○ Face-to-face negotiation
○ On Surrender Approach
Positive Effects of Time
● Hostage taker will wear down emotionally and psychologically
● Hostage taker have more demand for food, water, and drinks
● Anxiety reduce, hostage taker gets the chance to organize his true self
● Hostage taker’s rationality increases
● Hostage taker and Negotiator’s relationship improves
● Hostage taker demands may be reduced
HOSTAGE TAKING
Stockholm Syndrome
Refers to the unusual development of a mutual positive feelings between the hostage and
the hostage taker for each other that eventually results to negative feelings against the authorities.
A theory that has shown that the longer the hostage taker spends with his hostage/s, a bond
develops that creates a close relationship of understanding between the parties involved.
Three (3) Components of Stockholm Syndrome
● Positive feelings on the part of the hostage to the hostage taker
● Negative feelings on the part of the hostage towards the authorities and rescuers
● Positive feeling on the part of the hostage taker to the hostages
HOSTAGE TAKING
What is Negotiable?
Money, food, drinks, transportation or even swapping of prisoners

What is Non-negotiable?
Weapons and ammunitions, drugs

Cardinal Rule in Negotiation

– “COMMANDER SHOULD NOT NEGOTIATE; NEGOTIATOR SHOULD NOT
COMMAND”
Reasons:
● Hostage taker will have sense of importance
● May make impossible demands, knowing that he is dealing with commander
● Conflict with being a negotiator and commander at the same time and will have no more fall
back.
HOSTAGE TAKING
Advantages of Telephone Negotiation
● Easier to say NO to some demands
● Easier to end and conclude the negotiation
● Conversation is quicker
● Important items can easily be committed
● Negotiator has the advantage and less risk
Disadvantages
● Impersonal
● Hostage taker - negotiator relationship
● Walkie talkies
● If attack has been decided upon, it should be carried within seven seconds upon the decision
TERRORISM
Transnational Terrorist

Terrorist who operates across national border, whose action and political aspirations may
effect individuals of more than one nationality.

They’re controlled by, and whose actions represent the national interest of the sovereign
state.
TERRORISM
Tactics of Terrorism
● Bombing
○ Delivery
■ Vehicle Bomb
■ Laid Charges
■ Projected Bombs
■ Postal Bombs
○ Activation
■ Command Activation
■ Target Action
■ Time Delay
○ Usages
● Tactical IED’s
● Strategic IED’s
● Hoaxes
TERRORISM
● Arson
● Hijacking
● Ambush
● Kidnapping
● Hostage Taking
● Assasination

9/11 Terrorist Attack

TERRORISM
Republic Act No. 9372
An act to secure the state and protect our people from terrorism
● Section 1. Short Title
● Section 2. Declaration of Policy
● Section 3. Terrorism - any person who commits an act punishable under any of the
following provisions of the Revised Penal Code:
○ Article 122 (Piracy in General and Mutiny in the High Seas or in the Philippine
Waters)
○ Article 134 (Rebellion or Insurrection)
○ Article 134-a (Coup d'Etat), including acts committed by private persons
○ Article 248 (Murder)
○ Article 267 (Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention)
○ Article 324 (Crimes Involving Destruction)
TERRORISM
Laws Related:
● Presidential Decree No. 1613 (The Law on Arson)
● Republic Act No. 6969 (Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of
1990)
● Republic Act No. 5207 (Atomic Energy Regulatory and Liability Act of 1968)
● Republic Act No. 6235 (Anti-Hijacking Law)
● Presidential Decree No. 532 (Anti-Piracy and Anti-Highway Robbery Law of 1974)
● Presidential Decree No. 1866
TERRORISM
● Section 4. Conspiracy to Commit Terrorism
● Section 5. Accomplice
● Section 7. Surveillance of Suspects and Interception and Recording of Communications
● Section 18. Period of Detention without Judicial Warrant of Arrest
Thank You For
Listening!
Shairah Dublin, RCrim.