Laboratory test for cancer

By aya hassan Presetation

esraa abdullah
.TESTS TO FIND CHEMICALS MADE BY CANCER CELLS -3

Tumor marker tests use a sample of blood to .

.look for chemicals made by cancer cells
These tests don't always help with diagnosing
cancer because many healthy cells also make
these chemicals And some conditions that
aren't cancer can cause high levels of tumor
markers. Instead, tumor marker tests are
mostly used after your cancer diagnosis to see
.if treatment is working
Examples of tumor markers include:
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for prostate
cancer and cancer antigen 125 (CA 125) for
ovarian cancer ,Other examples include
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for colon
cancer and alpha-fetoprotein for testicular
.cancer
TESTS TO LOOK FOR CANCER CELLS. -4•
Circulating tumor cell tests detect cancer cells
in your blood. The cells might be in the blood
if they've broken away from where they
started and are spreading to other parts of the
body. Circulating tumor cell tests are mostly
used after a cancer diagnosis
TESTS TO LOOK FOR CANCER CELLS' GENETIC-5
. MATERIAL
BIOPSY FOR CANCER

Biopsy is removal of tissue from a living

organism for the purpose of microscopic
.examination and diagnosis

The four major types of biopsy include a

,cytologic biopsy, (2) incisional biopsy )1(
.excisional biopsy, and (4) aspiration biopsy )3(
cytologic biopsy-1
Brush cytology: This is a more recent development
that is marketed heavily to general dentists. A
handheld rotary wire brush is used to collect
epithelial cells rotating with firm pressure about
5–10 times), which are then fixed on a glass slide
.and submitted for evaluation
cytologic biopsy-1
Exfoliative biopsy: it is quick and simple procedure
it is an important alternative of biopsy in certain
situations
In exfoliative cytology,cell shed from body surface
such as in side the mouth,are collected and
examined
incisional biopsy-2

• An incisional biopsy remove a piece of tissue

from a lesion or mass, used if the lesion is large
(>1 cm in diameter), is located in a risky or
hazardous location,The biopsy is generally
excised as a wedge of tissues in such a manner
as to include normal- and abnormal-appearing
tissues in the sample.
excisional biopsy-3
An excisional biopsy
implies removal of a
lesion in its entirety, to
include a 2- to 3-mm
perimeter of normal
tissue around the lesion.
Excisional biopsy is
reserved for smaller
lesions (<1 cm in
diameter)
Aspiration Biopsy .4
Aspiration biopsy is performed
with a needle and syringe by
penetrating a suspicious
lesion and aspirating its
.contents
Fine-needle aspiration is used
when a soft tissue mass is
detected beneath the skin or
mucosal surface and the
patient wishes to avoid a scar
or adjacent anatomic
.structures pose a risk
• If straw-colored fluid is aspirated,
the dentist is likely dealing with a
cyst.
• -If pus is aspirated, an inflammatory
or infectious process is likely
present,
• -if air without any fluid is suggestive
of a traumatic bone cavity
-If blood is aspirated, several
diagnoses must be entertained, the
most significant of which would be a
pulsatile vascular lesion within the
jaw (e.g., hemangioma or
arteriovenous malformation).
:Core needle biopsy .5
It is the procedure to remove a small amount of
suspicious tissue with a large core needle. It can
remove more tissue than FNB
Punch Biopsy .6
A small part of the lesion is obtained as specimen
using a punch. This technique is of particular
use in mucosal lesions from inaccessible regions
that cannot be reached by conventional
methods. The technique produces some
.amount of crushing or distortion of the tissues
Punch Biopsy .6