Power System Architecture and Protection 2018-19 Chap 1

Power System Architecture
and Protection
Chapter 1
Introduction to Power System Architecture
KH. Chanthea
1
Course Outline
1. Overview on Power System and Power System

Development in KoC
o Energy resources
o Transmission line
o Distribution network
2. Review on circuit and power components
3. Power system structure and Network configuration

and topologies
2
1. Overview on the Power System Development in KoC
History of Electric Power System
3
Energy resources for EDC’s System
4
5
6
7
Transmission and Substation Map, Cambodia
8
Distribution Network of KoC
9
Generality of Energy System
10
GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
 Electric Energy Process is

o Generated at kV and stepped up
o Transmitted through AC or DC lines
o Stepped down and distributed at load centers.
Generation Transmission Distribution
 Its natural mode of synchronous operation knits

the system together.
11
12
• Generation subsystems consists of generation plants and

generation substations.
• Transmission subsystems consists of transmission lines,

transmission switching stations and transmission substations
and subtransmission systems.
• Distribution subsystems consist of distribution substations,

primary distribution systems, distribution transformers and
secondary distribution systems.
13
• Generation subsystems
– Generation Plants produce electrical energy from another form of
energy such as fossil fuels, nuclear fuels or hydropower. Typically, a
prime mover turns an alternator that generates voltage between
6kV and 30 kV.
– Generation Substations connect generation plants to transmission

lines through a step-up transformer that increases voltage to
transmission levels.
14
• Transmission Subsystems
– Transmission Systems transport electricity over long distances from

generation substations to transmission or distribution substations.
Typical voltage levels include 69 kV, 115 kV, 138 kV, 161 kV, 230 kV
345 kV, 500kV, 765 kV and 1100kV.
– Transmission Switching Stations serve as nodes in the transmission

system that allow transmission line connections to be reconfigured.
– Transmission Substations are transmission switching stations with

transformers that step down voltage to subtransmission levels.
15
• Transmission subsystems (cont.)
– Subtransmission Systems transport electricity from transmission

substations to distribution substations. Typical US voltage levels
include 34.5 kV, 46 kV, 69 kV, 115 kV, 138 kV, 161 kV and 230 kV.
16
• Distribution subsystems 1. Overview on the Power System Development in KoC
– Distribution Substations are nodes for terminating and

reconfiguring subtransmission lines plus transformers that step
down voltage to primary distribution levels.
– Primary Distribution Systems deliver electricity from distribution
substations to distribution transformers. Voltages range from 6 kV
to 35 kV.
17
• Distribution subsystems (cont.)
– Distribution Transformers convert primary distribution voltages to
utilization voltages. Typical sizes range from 5 kVA to 3200 kVA.
– Secondary Distribution Systems deliver electricity from distribution
transformers to customer service entrances. Voltages are typically
120V/208V, 220/380V three phase or 230/400V with typical
frequency of 50Hz or 60Hz.
18
• Modern Power Distribution subsystems (Smart Grid)
19
Course Outline
1. Overview on Power System and Power System

Development in KoC
o Energy resources
o Transmission line
o Distribution network
2. Review on the power components
3. Power system structure and Network configuration

and topologies
20
2. Overview on the Power Components
AC power
Voltage and Current
R
I
AC alternating current
Voltage U and current I time functions in a resistive circuit
Here the voltage and current have no phase shift
21
Capacitive Circuit
The capacitance storages charges and delays the voltage

Current ---- is leading (or Voltage ____ is lagging)
22
Inductive Circuit
X
I
The capacitance storages energy from current and delays the current
Voltage ____ is leading (or Current ---- is lagging)
23
Phasors
• Current is leading, capacitive load
I
i >0
U
• Current is lagging, inductive load
U
U
U
i
I i0 I
I
24
Real Power and Reactive power
 Apparent power S : S = U I*
 determines the current and thus heating and loading
 Real power, P
 can be transformed to other forms of energy
 Reactive power, Q
 increases the current and has an impact on voltages
 S = P + jQ
25
Reactive Power
• When there exists a 90 phase shift between

voltage and current p varies symmetrically
around 0.
→ all power is the reactive power
26
Power Factor, cos
• When cos=1, only real power is flowing

P
cos  
S
S=P+jQ
jQ

P
P  S cos 
• The angle  is also the phase shift between voltage and

current!
27
Compensation of reactive power
Effects: Considerations:
• increased real power flow • voltage level
with same heating effect • location
• unit size
• reduction of power and
• automation
energy losses
• lower voltage drop
• increased risk for resonance
• transients in switching
• indirect: tariff
28
Compensation of reactive power
• Increasing capacity by reducing reactive current by compensation
Iq
Imax
I1
Iq
I2
Ip Ip
29
3. Power system structure
Electrical Power Distribution
30
Electricity distribution
HV network (110 kV)
110/20 kV
substation
0,4 kV network
distribution
31
MV lines (20 kV) substation
Low voltage networks
a. Rural
b. Urban
 = customer or cable box
3 phase of 0,4 kV allows longer lines than

more simple systems
32
Network configurations
• EHV, HV, MV and LV

• from meshed to radial (MV and LV rings typically are open)
33
To be continued
34

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Power System Architecture

1. Overview on Power System and Power System

2. Review on circuit and power components

3. Power system structure and Network configuration

History of Electric Power System

Energy resources for EDC’s System

History of Electric Power System

History of Electric Power System

History of Electric Power System

Transmission and Substation Map, Cambodia

Distribution Network of KoC

Generality of Energy System

GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

 Electric Energy Process is

Generation Transmission Distribution

 Its natural mode of synchronous operation knits

• Generation subsystems consists of generation plants and

• Transmission subsystems consists of transmission lines,

• Distribution subsystems consist of distribution substations,

– Generation Substations connect generation plants to transmission

– Transmission Systems transport electricity over long distances from

– Transmission Switching Stations serve as nodes in the transmission

– Transmission Substations are transmission switching stations with

• Transmission subsystems (cont.)

– Subtransmission Systems transport electricity from transmission

– Distribution Substations are nodes for terminating and

1. Overview on Power System and Power System

2. Review on the power components

3. Power system structure and Network configuration

The capacitance storages charges and delays the voltage

Real Power and Reactive power

• When there exists a 90 phase shift between

Power Factor, cos

• When cos=1, only real power is flowing

• The angle  is also the phase shift between voltage and

Compensation of reactive power

Compensation of reactive power

• Increasing capacity by reducing reactive current by compensation

Electrical Power Distribution

Low voltage networks

3 phase of 0,4 kV allows longer lines than

• EHV, HV, MV and LV

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