RULE 18

 VERB PHRASE consist of an Aux (auxiliary) plus

either be or verbal
NP
be + Adj
VP Aux + Adv-p

verbal
 In Rule 18 there are three sentences pattern
with be :
S : NP + Aux + be + Adj
S : NP + Aux + be + NP
S : NP + Aux + be + Adv-p
 RULE 18
 BE + NP
example : Our team could be the winner
NP + Aux + be + NP
Our team is functioning as the subject. NP ( which
is functioning as a complement) refers to the same
thing or person as the first NP (which is
functioning as the subject)
Our team = the winner
 RULE 19
 BE + ADJ
example : Our team could be lucky
NP + Aux + be+ Adj
Our team is functioning as the subject. Lucky is an
Adj functioning as a complement after be. The term
adjective is here limited to words can be preceded by
the word very. Very can also precede adverbs of
manner, most of which are formed by adding-ly to
adjectives: very quickly, very softly…
 RULE 20
 BE + ADV-P
example : Our team may be upstairs
NP + Aux + be + adv-p
Our team is functioning as the subject. Upstairs is an
Adverbial of place. An Adverbial of place answers
the question “Where”. It may be one word, an adverb,
or it may be prepositional phrase such as in the house,
on the floor…A prepositional phrase consist of a
preposition and a noun. Prepositions are words like:
in, on, beside, above, below, at….
 RULE 21
VERBAL
VI
+ ( Adv-m )
VT + NP
Vs + Adj
VERBAL
NP
Vb
Adj
V-Mid + NP

We would read the above rule as follows:

-Verbal consist of an Intransitive verb which not be followed by anything but
which may followed by an optional adverbial of manner or
-Verbal consist of a transitive verb followed by a noun phrase and this may be
followed by an optional adverb of manner.
-Verbal consist of a verb of the seem-class followed by an adjective.
-Verbal consist of a verb of the become-class followed by either a noun phrase or
an adjective.
- Verbal consist of a verb of the mid class followed by a noun phrase.
 RULE 22
INTRANSITIVE VERB
An Intransitive verb described a state or simple action without any reference
to an object . Intransitive verb not requiring a noun phrase or any other
structure to complete it although some intransitive verbs do have an optional
structure following them.

VI : come, happen, talk, dance, arrive, explode, pass, live, wait, flow, sleep, go
NP Aux + VI
Fireworks explode
Times change
The jet landed ( safely )
the eyes stared ( vacantly )

The rule for Intransitive verb include an optional structure, adverbial of

manner. Adverbials of manner tell how. They include such words as quickly,
slowly, reluctantly. Many of them are formed by adding-ly to adjectives.
 RULE 23
Adv-m : gladly, rapidly, fast, engagingly, eagerly, truly,
respectfully, grievously, sincerely, …
Here are some sentences with intransitive verbs followed
by adverbials of manner
The theaters fill rapidly
The buildings rise darkly
Writers read avidly
She speaks dramatically
 RULE 24
TRANSITIVE VERB
The word transitive comes from the Latin transitivus, a form of a verb
meaning “to cross”. Traditionally, a transitive verb has been describe as
one denoting an action which “crosses over” from the doer of the action
to the receiver of the action or the goal of the action, or the object of it.
VT : Throw, see, wrote, design, eat, suspect, hete, make, take, know,
send….
Example :
NP Aux + VT NP
The children threw rocks
Architects design buildings
Beethoven wrote symphonies
 RULE 25
Verbs of the Seem-Class
Verbs of the seem-class are followed by an adjective as
complement.
Vs : seem, look, appear, feel
NP Aux + Vs Adj
Her waist seemed thick
The times appear different
Everyone felt sad
He grew bored
 RULE 26
Verb of Become – Class
Verb of become – class are followed either a noun phrase or an
adjective. The word is or some other form of be can be substituted for
verb of become class.
Vb : become, remain
NP Aux+Vb Adj NP
He became great
He became the leader
He remained hostile
He remained my enemy
 RULE 27
The Mid-Verb
Mid verb or middle verb on the surface it looks like a
transitive verb with a noun phrase but it is different that
mid verb cannot be made passive. In a sense mid verb is a
midway between transitive and intransitive. The most
common middle verb is have
V-mid : Cost, weight, have, resemble…
The following sentences have mid-verbs :
The meat weighs four pounds.
The child resembles Uncle Mark
The dress becomes you.
Emily has a sweater
 RULE 28
 The Auxiliary
Aux tense + (modal) + (have+-en) + (be+-ing)
Aux ( which is necessary in every predicate in the kernel sentence)
consists of tense, And in addition Aux may consist of any or all
the following three structures :
1. Modal (words like can, could, shall, should)
2. a form of the word have and the morpheme-en (past participle
morpheme, as in eaten.
3. a form of the word be and the morpheme- ing.(present participle
morpheme, as in eating.
 RULE 29
 TENSE
On the basis of the forms of verbs and auxiliaries, modern
grammarians describe the English verb as having two
tenses-present and past. Tenses is different from time. All
of the different distinctions of time including past, present
and future, are expressed in a number of ways through the
Aux structure.
Tense past
present
 RULE 30
 MODAL
Modal in “present tense”:
can + present can
may + present may
shall + present shall
will + present will
must + present must
Modal in “past tense”:
can + past could
may + past might
shall + past should
will + past would
must has no past tense form
 RULE 31
 ADVERBIAL of FREQUENCY
An adverbial of frequency can appear in almost any kind
of verb phrase as an optional element. It answers the
question how often? Some of it are single-word adverbs
like usually, weekly, frequently. Others are phrases : once
a week, now and then, every month…
Adv-f : usually, weekly, frequently, once a week, monthly,
regularly, rarely……
 RULE 32
 ADVERBIAL of TIME
An adverbial of time can appear in almost any kind of verb
phrase as an optional element. It answers the question
when?
Adverbials of time may be
- Single words such as yesterday, then, Tuesday
- Prepositional phrases such as in an hour, before Friday,
after the semester or
- Noun Phrases such as Friday noon, this afternoon, next
week
 RULE 33
 PARTICLE
These short words look like prepositions and have
something of the effect of adverbs but they are unlike
prepositions and adverbials in the way they function. There
are some intransitive verbs which do require particle after
them.
Particle : by, in, down, out, up….
Here are some example sentences:
Ed dropped by
Ed dropped in
Ed sat down