GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL

CHANGE (PERUBAHAN
PERSEKITARAN GLOBAL)
AID2003

Dr.Sheeba Nettukandy Chenoli

Effects on
Human
Health
 Overview of Effects
Climate change is expected to have a major influence on certain types of disease
• Changes in both temperature and humidity will play an important role
• Some of the effects are already being seen

• Some increased health risk will be due to extreme weather events, like the 2010 heat wave in
Russia.

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Direct effects: Effects of Extreme
Temperatures
• A European study of hospital admission data for a dozen major cities
found that for every 1 O C rise in temperature, hospital admissions
for respiratory and asthma-related illness increase up to 4.5% among
the elderly
• The heat wave: The Russian heat wave of 2010 doubled the death
rate in Moscow to 700 people per day
During the summer 1995 heat wave in Chicago, it is estimated there
were 700 excess deaths due to heat

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Water-borne
Infection
• Risk - Cholera risk will increase in coastal or estuarine regions, due
to a warming of water temperatures
• Benefit – risk will diminish in areas where heavy rainfalls decrease

Vector-borne Infections
• Risk – Both mosquito and tick borne infections are likely to increase
• Benefit – In areas of diminished rainfall, mosquitoes, ticks, and
snails may become less prevalent, and regions of very high
temperatures may also decrease these vectors
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 COMMON VECTORS

• Mosquitoes serve as
vectors for Malaria, • Ticks can serve as vectors for
Dengue fever, Yellow Lyme disease, Rickettsia, and
fever, and Chikungunya Babesiosis

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 Effects on Human
Health
• Increased number of heat-related illnesses and
deaths
THE ENVIRONMENT

• Climate change will continue to have a significant impact on ecosystems and organisms, though they are not impacted equally. The Arctic is one of the ecosystems most vulnerable to
the effects of climate change, as it is warming at least twice the rate of the global average and melting land ice sheets and glaciers contribute dramatically offsite link to sea level rise
around the globe.

• Some living things are able to respond to climate change; some plants are blooming earlier and some species may expand their geographic range. But these changes are happening too
fast for many other plants and animals as increasing temperatures and changing precipitation patterns stress ecosystems. Some invasive or nuisance species, like lionfish and ticks,
may thrive in even more places because of climate change.

• Changes are also occurring in the ocean. The ocean absorbs about 30% of the carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels. As a result, the
water is becoming more acidic, affecting marine life. Sea levels are rising due to thermal expansion, in addition to melting ice sheets and glaciers, putting coastal areas at greater risk
of erosion and storm surge.

• The compounding effects of climate change are leading to many changes in ecosystems. Coral reefs are vulnerable to many effects of climate change: warming waters can lead to
coral bleaching, stronger hurricanes can destroy reefs, and sea level rise can cause corals to be smothered by sediment. Coral reef ecosystems are home to thousands of species, which
rely on healthy coral reefs to survive.
 Effects on Agriculture

• Difficult to anticipate
• Productivity will increase in some areas and decrease in others
• Rise in sea level will inundate flood plains and river valleys
(lush farmland)
• Effect on pests is unknown
• Warmer temperatures will decrease soil moisture- requiring more irrigation
• Location (i.e. elevation and altitude) where certain crops can be grown
may have to change
EXAMPLES OF GLOBAL IMPACTS
EXAMPLES OF REGIONAL IMPACTS

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 International Implications of Climate Change

• Developed vs. Developing

countries
• Differing self-interests
• Differing ability to meet the challenges
of climate change
 DEALING WITH GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• To avoid the worst of climate change, CO2 levels must

be stabilized at 550ppm
• 50% higher than current levels
• Two ways to attempt to manage climate change
• Mitigation
• Focuses on limiting greenhouse gas emissions to moderate global climate
change
• Adaptation
• Focuses on learning to live with to the environmental changes and societal
consequences brought about by global climate change
Dealing with Global Climate Change- Relationship Between
Mitigation and Adaptation
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE THE MOST
VULNERABLE

• Impacts are worse:

• Large share of economy in climate sensitive sectors (e.g. agriculture,
tourism)
• Prone to natural disasters (e.g. floods and
droughts)
• Adds to existing water resource stresses
• Multiple stresses and lower adaptive capacity:
• Limited financial, institutional, technological capacity
• Limited access to knowledge
• Impacts disproportionately on poorest countries and
poorest people:
• Exacerbated human health, food security, malnutrition, clean water
and other resource access concerns

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 EXPECTED IMPACTS ON POOR REGIONS

People exposed to increased water stress by 2020:

• 120 million to 1.2 billion in Asia
• 12 to 81 million in Latin America
• 75 to 250 million in Africa

Possible yield reduction in agriculture:

• 30% by 2050 in Central and South Asia
• 30% by 2080 in Latin America
• 50% by 2020 in some African countries
Crop revenues could fall by 90% by 2100 in
Africa

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 SUMMARY
Environment
• Temperature
• Water
• Extreme weather
• Low-lying areas
Displacement and migration
Security
Social impacts
• Social effects of extreme
Human settlement
weather
• Coasts and low-lying
areas
Health
• Psychological impacts
• Extreme weather events
• Diseases
• Malaria
Energy sector
• Oil, coal and natural
• gas Nuclear
• Hydroelectricity
 PHILIPPINES
In 2013, Typhoon Haiyan hit
the Philippines. It was one of
the strongest storms ever to
hit land.

Many people died. Homes,

schools and roads were
destroyed.
MYANMAR

•In Myanmar, cyclones are common.

•In2008, Cyclone Nargis hit

Myanmar. It was the most powerful
cyclone to ever hit the country.

•Sadly, it killed some people and

many
•villages were destroyed.
PERU
Many of the world’s
tropical
glaciers are found in Peru.
But with a changing
climate, the glaciers are
melting.

The people who live near

these glaciers rely on them
for water.

As the glaciers melt, life is

becoming more challenging
for the people.