Development of Urogenital

system
Submitted by: Praney Slathia
Registration No: L-2020-V-29-M
What is development?
• Change in the structure and function of an entity with the passage of
time.
• In embryology, the changes are at molecular, cellular and structural
level take place that lead to the formation of an organism.
• Thus, the process of turning a single fertilized egg in to a new
individual with all the many specialized cell types is called as
development.
Stages of development
1. Gametogenesis
2. Fertilization
3. Cleavage
4. Gastrulation
5. Organogenesis
Gametogenesis
Stages of Fertilization
Cleavage
Gastrulation
• Appearance of primitive streak,
with cephalic and primitive node.
• Epiblast cells invaginate to form
new cell layers i.e., endoderm and
mesoderm.
• Cells not migrating through the
streak and remaining in the epiblast
form the ectoderm.
Gastrulation
• Prenotochordal cells invaginate primitive pit
and reach up to prechordal plate.
• They intercalate in endoderm as notochordal
plate.
• With further development , the plate detaches
from endoderm , and a solid cord, the notochord
is formed.
• Cephalic and caudal ends of the embryo are
established before the primitive streak is formed.
• Primary villi obtain a mesenchymal core in
which small capillaries arise.
Organogenesis
• It is the phase of embryonic development that starts at the end of
gastrulation and continuous until birth.
• The internal organs are formed by the three layers.
Urogenital System organ development
• It is studied as two different components
• Urinary system
• Genital system
Embryologically and anatomically intricately interwoven as both
develop from common mesodermal ridge i.e., intermediate
mesoderm.
The Urinary System
• Cranial caudal sequence an overlapping kidney
systems are formed demarcated temporally.
• Pronephros
• Mesonephros
• Metanephros
• Pronephros forming the cervical region is
vestigial.
• The mesonephros forms the thoracic and lumbar
regions is large and characterized by excretory
units and its own collecting ducts referred as
mesonephric or wolffian duct.
• It forms the conduit for sperms from testes to the
urethra.
• In females, the duct regresses.
The Metanephros
• It is the permanent kidney and
develops from two sources.
• It forms its own excretory
tubules or nephrons like the
mesonephros, but the collecting
systems originate from
ureteric bud, an outgrowth of
mesonephric duct.
• The bud gives rise to the ureter,
renal pelvis, calyces, and the
entire collecting system.
Connection between
the collecting and
excretory tubule
systems is essential for
normal development.
The bladder forms
during the fourth to
seventh weeks as the
cloaca, the common
repository for the
primitive kidneys
and gut system, is
subdivided into the
urogenital sinus
anteriorly and the
anal canal
posteriorly by the
urorectal septum.
The anterior
portion of this sinus
then differentiates
into the bladder.
The remaining
portion of the sinus
differentiates into
the prostatic and
membranous parts
of the urethra in
the male and the
urethra in the
female.
The Genital System
The genital system consists of
1. Gonads or primitive sex glands
2. Genital ducts
3. External genitalia.
All three components go through
an indifferent stage in which they
may develop into either a male or
a female.
Genital Systems
The downstream genes, causes formation of
ovaries with
(1) Typical cortical cords
(2) Disappearance of the medullary (testis)
cords
(3) Failure of the tunica albuginea to
develop.
Transverse section through the lumbar region
of a 6—week embryo shows the indifferent
gonad with the primitive sex cords. Some of
the primordial germ cells are surrounded by
cells of the primitive sex cords.
• Development of both
testes and ovaries is
dependent upon
induction by
primordial germ cells
that migrate from the
yolk sac to the genital
ridges during the fourth
to sixth weeks.
• If these cells fail to
reach the indifferent
gonad, the gonad
remains indifferent or is
absent.
• The indifferent duct system and external genitalia
develop under the influence of hormones.
• During the indifferent stage, there are two duct
systems:
• mesonephric duct
• paramesonephric duct
• Testosterone, produced by Leydig cells in the
testes, stimulates development of the
mesonephric ducts to form the efferent ducts,
epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory duct.
• Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS; also
called, anti-mullerian hormone [AMH]),
produced by Sertoli cells in the testes, causes
regression of the paramesonephric ducts.
• Dihydrotestosterone stimulates development of the external genitalia,
including the penis and scrotum.
• Estrogens (together with the absence of testosterone) regulate
development of the paramesonephric ducts, which form the uterine
tube, uterus, cervix, and upper portion of the vagina.
• Because there is no testosterone production to stimulate development of the
mesonephric ducts, these structures regress.
• Estrogens also stimulate differentiation of the external genitalia,
including the clitoris, labia, and lower portion of the vagina.
External genitalia also begin
in an indifferent stage.
Initially, a genital tubercle,
two genital swellings, and
two cloacal folds form on
the exterior of the floor of
the pelvis. When the
urorectal septum reaches
the interior of this floor to
separate the anal canal from
the primitive urogenital sinus
(soon to form the bladder),
the cloacal folds are now
called the urethral folds.
• In the male, the genital tubercle grows and is called the phallus. As it
grows, it pulls the urethral folds together and these fuse forming the
shaft of the penis.
• Meanwhile, the genital swellings become larger to form the scrotal
swellings, and these also come together and fuse in the midline.
• In females, the genital tubercle forms the clitoris, the urethral folds,
the labia minora, and the genital swellings the labia majora.
• In the female, there is a lack of fusion of the primordial structures.
Also, analogous structures in the two sexes:
• penis/clitoris and scrotum/labia majora.
Thank You!