Trial and martyrdom of

jose rizal
Hello! We are the group 7.
 REGINE DIANNA RIVERA  JENO REYES
 AUSSIEN ANGEL ZUASOLA  ANGELICA REVILLA
SAJULGA  JANICA SAME
 ALFER HOPE RAMO

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 OBJECTIVES
 Describe the trial of Jose Rizal
 Explain the reasons why Rizal was tried and executed
 Infer Rizal’s role or participation in the 1896 Philippine revolution
 Examine the implications of the death of Jose Rizal to the Philippine
revolution and to the Spanish colonial regime interpersonal relationship
 From conclusion/judgement on the trial and verdict on Jose Rizal and his
role in and attitude towards the Philippine revolution
 Infer Rizal’s ideas and philosophies through his last poem

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Reasons Why Jose Rizal Have
been Executed and Tried
✣ Rizal have been accused of three (3) crimes:
1. Rebellion
2. Sedition
3. Conspiracy/Illegal Associations

✣ 2 Kinds of Evidences:
a) Documentary
b) Testimonial

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 Documentary evidence
✣ A letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce, dated Madrid, October 16, 1888, showing Rizal's connection with
the Filipino reform campaign in Spain.
✣ A letter of Rizal to his family, dated Madrid, August 20, 1890, stating that the deportations are good for they will
encourage the people to hate tyranny.
✣ A letter from Marcelo H. del Pilar to Deodato Arellano, dated Madrid, January 7, 1889, implicating Rizal in the
Propaganda campaign in Spain.
✣ A poem entitled Kundiman, allegedly written by Rizal in Manila on September 12, 1891.
✣ A letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified person, dated Barcelona, September 18, 1891, describing Rizal as the
man to free the Philippines from Spanish oppression.
✣ A Masonic document, dated Manila, February 9, 1892 honoring Rizal for his patriotic services.
✣ A letter signed Dimasalang to Tenluz (Juan Zulueta's pseudonym), dated Hongkong, dated May 24, 1892, stating
that he was preparing a safe refuge for Filipinos who may be persecuted by the Spanish authorities.
✣ A letter of Dimasalang to an unidentified committee, dated Hongkong, June 1, 1892, solicitating the aid of
committee in the “patriotic work".

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✣ An anonymous and undated letter to the Editor of Hongkong Telegraph, censuring the banishment
of Rizal to Dapitan.
✣ A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated Manila, September 3, 1892, saying that the Filipino
people look up to him (Rizal) as their savior.
✣ A letter of Rizal Segundo, dated Manila, September 17, 1893, informing an unidentified
correspondent of the arrest and banishment of Doroteo Cortes and Ambrosio Salvador.
✣ A letter of Marcelo H. del Pilar to Don Juan Tenluz, dated Madrid, June 1, 1893 recommending the
establishment of a special organization, independent of Masonry, to help the cause of Filipino
people.
✣ Transcript of a speech of Pingkian (Emilio Jacinto), in a reunion of the Katipunan on July 23, 1893,
in which the following cry was uttered "Long live the Philippines! Long live Liberty! Long live
Doctor Rizal! Unity!
✣ Transcript of a speech of Tik-Tik (Jose Turiano Santiago) in the same Katipunan reunion, wherein
the Katipuneros shouted: "Long live the eminent Doctor Rizal! Death to the oppressor nation!"
✣ A poem by Laong Laan, entitled A Talisay, in which the author makes the Dapitan schoolboys sing
that they know how to fight for their rights.

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 Testimonial evidence
1. Martin Constantino 8. Francisco Quison
2. Aguedo del Rosario 9. Timoteo Paez
3. Jose Reyes 10.Deodato Arellano
4. Moises Salvador 11. Pedro Serrano
5. Jose Dizon Laktaw
6. Pio Valenzuela 12.Antonio Salazar
7. Ambrosio Savador 13.Domingo Franco

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RIZAL'S TRIAL AND HIS ALLEGED GUILT
✣ Rizal was a civilian but was tried by a military tribunal
✣ Rizal was already condemned guilty even before the trial
✣ All allegations against Rizal were accepted by the court but
not the arguments and evidence in his favor
✣ Rizal was not allowed to confront witness against him nor his
counsel to cross-examine them
✣ Evidence to convict Rizal didn't have any bearing on his
alleged commission of the complex crime of rebellion

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 Rizal’s 13 statements
1. I am not guilty of rebellion as I even advised Dr. Pio Valenzuela in Dapitan not to rise in revolution.
2. The revolutionists used by name without my knowledge. If I were guilty, I could have escaped from
Singapore.
3. If I had a hand in the Katipunan revolution, I could have escaped Dapitan and should have not built
a house there.
4. If I were the chief of the revolution, why did they not consult me on their plans?
5. I was not the founder of La Solidaridad and the Association Hispano-Filipino.
6. I had nothing to do with the introduction of masonry in the Philippines. Serrano had a higher degree
than I had. If I were the head, since when does an officer permit himself to be promoted to a captain
general?
7.The La Liga did not live long. It died a natural death after my banishment to Dapitan.
8. If the La Liga was re-organized nine months later, I was totally unaware of it.

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9. It was true that I wrote the statutes of the La Liga. The La Liga, however, is a civic association
whose purposes are unity and development of commerce and industry.
10. While it was true that there were some bitter statements in my letters, it was because they were
written when my family was being persecuted, being dispossessed of their houses and lands; and
my brother and brother-in-law were rusticated without due process of law.
11. It was not true that the revolution was inspired in one of my speeches at the house of Doroteo
Ongjungco, as alleged by the witnesses whom I would like to confront. My friends knew very
well about my vehement opposition to an armed rebellion.
12. Why did the Katipunan send an emissary to me in Dapitan, who was a total stranger to me?
Because those who knew me were cognizant that I would never sanction any violent movement.
13. My life in Dapitan had been exemplary, as evidenced by my productive activities for the
welfare of the people. Even the politico-military commanders and missionary priests could attest
to this.

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LET’S PLAY A GAME!
GUESS WHAT?

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NOLI ME TANGERE

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GOMBURZA

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DR. JOSE RIZAL

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CEDULA

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JOSEPHINE BRACKEN

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 RIZAL’S ROLE OR
PARTICIPATION IN 1896
REVOLUTION
1. Jose Rizal’s name was used as one of the passwords of the Katipunan, his portrait was
hanged in the meeting places of the Katipunan and his name was shouted in the battlefield.
 Jose Rizal never became involved in the organization and activities of the Katipunan;
but the Katipuneros still looked up to him as a leader. In fact, Rizal’s name was used
as a password among the society’s highest-ranking members, who were called bayani.
2. The Katipunan through Pio Valenzuela heeded the advice of Jose Rizal regarding the
planned rebellion.
 There have been interesting studies about the historic meeting between Rizal and
Valenzuela. Based on the testimony of Pio before a military court in September 1896,
Rizal had opposed the revolution against Spain. But after two decades, Valenzuela
reversed his story, saying Rizal “was not actually against the revolution but advised
the Katipuneros to wait for the right timing, secure the needed weapons and get the
support of the rich and scholarly class.”

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3. The Katipunan made two attempts to rescue Jose Rizal: while he was in Dapitan and
when Rizal was bound to Spain to go to Cuba.
 He retained, to the very end, a faith in the decency of Spanish "men of honor," which
made it difficult for him to accept the revolutionary course of the Katipunan.
Revolution had broken out in Cuba in February 1895, and Rizal applied to the
governor to be sent to that yellow fever-infested island as an army doctor, believing
that it was the only way he could keep his word to the governor and yet get out of his
exile. His request was granted, and he was preparing to leave for Cuba when the
Katipunan revolt broke out in August 1896. An informer had tipped off a Spanish friar
about the society's existence, and Bonifacio, his hand forced, proclaimed the
revolution, attacking Spanish military installations on August 29, 1896. Rizal was
allowed to leave Manila on a Spanish steamship. The governor, however, apparently
forced by reactionary elements, ordered Rizal's arrest en route, and he was sent back to
Manila to be tried by a military court as an accomplice of the insurrection.

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4. Jose Rizal’s family members - his ‘wife’ Josephine Bracken, his brother Paciano Rizal and his sister
Trining joined the Katipunan.
 After Jose Rizal’s execution in December 1896, his ‘kuya’ Paciano joined the Katipuneros in
Cavite under General Emilio Aguinaldo. Three days after Rizal’s martyrdom, Josephine hurriedly
joined the Katipunan’s forces in Cavite. As Rizal’s widow, she could have easily penetrated the
revolutionary group but it was said that “Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was reluctantly persuaded to
admit Josephine into the military ranks, providing her with lessons in shooting and horseback
riding. Like Josefa, Paciano, and two nieces, joined the Katipunan after Jose’s death.
5. Andres Bonifacio, the founder of Katipunan made a Tagalog translation of Jose Rizal’s last poem
[‘Mi Ultimo Adios] together with his other works which had inspired the revolutionaries [Ileto, 1979
in Quibuyen, 1997] Jose Rizal in his last poem [‘Mi Ultimo Adios’] praised the revolutionaries for
giving their lives ‘without doubt’ and without gloom’
 Andres Bonifacio translated Rizal's “Last Farewell” to Tagalog and distributed it to further inspire
the revolutionaries. That revolution of the Filipino people won us our own freedom after 333
years and Rizal was the hero foremost in our hearts. Mi Ultimo Adios is a poem that tells us how
beautiful the Philippines is and how Rizal wants us to learn from our past and to see the truth
about how the world view us.
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The implications after the
death of jose rizal
Jose Rizal was executed in Bagumbayan, now called Luneta, in Manila on
December 30, 1896. but his death meant much more for the Filipinos. It
sparked the revolution in the country against the Spanish government, which
ruled Las Islas Filipinas (now Philippines) from 1565 to 1898. Rizal inspired
the nation to be born.

The real problem with Jose Rizal is that he was gone too soon. He never had
the chance to see social cancer he so aptly described in his two novels, the Noli
Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo mutate into something more toxic,
oppressive, controlling way of life. By being dead, he could do nothing against
the reincarnated social cancer. Which continued to wreak havoc on the lives of
the people, whose freedom he had tried to redeem with his blood.

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 Born rich, Rizal had little touch with the daily miseries endured by the mass of Filipinos
during his time. Capable of furthering his studies, Rizal was the embodiment of the
intellectual who firmly believed that the enlightened, no matter what race, is above
unreasoning prejudice.
 His scholarly sojourn in Europe convinced him of the infallibility of Science, not only as a
source of truth, but as a conqueror of oppression. This belief was clearly based on assumption
which presupposed the existence of willingness, a reservoir of goodwill and simple goodness
within the colonizer that would move him inevitably to correct the injustice done to the
Filipino. Rizal’s call for reform and assimilation attested to this unshakable belief. He died
disowning the revolution. But his death sounded the death knell to the colonial government
of Spain in the Philippines. Down came the tyrant priests, and with them came tumbling
down all the feudalistic systems they helped impose on the land, in the name of unrestricted
control of power and profit. Two years after Rizal’s death, there was national euphoria with
the opening of the Malolos Congress. Freedom and democracy, it seemed, was here to stay,
the colonial crisis was finally over. Or so it seemed.

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✣ In trying to find meaning and relevance between Rizal and the Filipinos after a
hundred and fifty years of his birth, even the shallowest of sceptic could say
that the problems are not yet over, they were never gone, they have just been
molecularly restructured into something barely recognizable and, therefore,
generally acceptable. History is a very powerful tool for peace and progress, for
it is only in assessing history that we could justify social change. But to purge
history of the lessons therein, one must be unforgiving critical. One must be
like Rizal. Here, the first sign of a revived colonialism is evident. It is the
silencing of the critic. The critics are silenced with assassination. Critics are
silenced when they are killed, like Rizal. Like the missing activists, or the
broadcasters who were shot and buried in Cotabato.

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✣ Rizal certainly never experienced facing a problem which is defined by
what happens to the stock market, or the banks. When these two financial
entities get into trouble and begin to collapse, then it is called a crisis. And
when big financial institutions collapse, too often the government bailed
them out by using taxpayers money. The rich, then, get richer and the poor
get poorer. Shade of colonialism? The advent of technology has given the
Filipinos a new range of jobs needing technical knowledge, knowledge in
computers, giving a semblance that we are providing computer wizards,
which is the cutting edge in labor employment. But being high-tech is a
myth of economic prosperity. There is a reality of low skill, low-wage
non-unionized jobs.

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 A modern day Rizal would have noticed this deceptive
technological “bonanza”.
Rizal had always championed education as the key for eventual independence. He was no
longer around when the Americans implemented an educational system which gave even
the poor the chance to go to school. Today public education hardly serves as an avenue for
acquiring critical thinking and transformative reaction. Education mostly serves today as
the initiator for the transmission of knowledge instrumental to the existing society. A
society dominated by the will of business corporations and foreign powers who openly
declare themselves democratic while ruling that the workers’ rights were literally against
the law. A modern day Rizal would have no problems finding his Captain Tiago pandering
around business corporation owners and bowing to their wishes in exchange for monetary
considerations, in every nook and cranny of the government service.

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LET’S PLAY A
GAME!
FILL THE SPACE!
 1. _ _ i_l _n_ M_ _ _yr_o_ Trial and Martyrdom

2.C_ _c_lo _ _ s p_ _o-F_ _ _ p _ n _ Circulo Hispano-Filipino

3. _ r o p _ _ a n _ _ M_ _ e m _ _ t Propaganda Movement

4. _ _ S__ida__d_d La Solidaridad
1. 5. C _ _ i _ e __ti_y Cavite Mutiny

6. _ o m _ u _ _ a Gomburza

7. La __g_ _i l i _ _n a La Liga Filipina

8. S _ t _ _ n _ n a __rc_d_ Saturnina Mercado

9. _ a _ u m b _ _ n Bagumbayan

10. _ e _ n _ r _i_e__ Leonor Rivera

 Judgement on the trial and
verdict of jose rizal’s role and
attitude towards the Philippine
revolution
✣ On December 6, 1896, the trial of Dr. Jose Rizal by a Spanish military
court for sedition, rebellion and conspiracy, began. This trial led to his
execution and martyrdom. Rizal, who was imprisoned first in
Barcelona and later in Fort Santiago, was implicated in the revolution
which was launched in August 1896 by the Katipunan led by Andres
Bonifacio, whose aim was to liberate the country from Spanish
colonization. At the time of his arrest, Rizal was supposed to leave for
Cuba after he was allowed by Spanish Governor-General Ramon
Blanco, who was sympathetic to him, to serve as a military surgeon in
Cuba, where there was also a revolution against Spain.

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✣ Before he left from his exile in Dapitan for Manila and then for Spain,
Rizal had issued a manifesto disavowing the revolution and declaring that
the education of Filipinos and their achievement of a national identity
were prerequisites to freedom. Rizal was arrested while en route to Spain,
imprisoned in Barcelona and sent back later to Manila to stand trial. He
was charged with being a traitor to Spain and the mastermind of the
revolution. He pleaded his innocence but he was still convicted on all
three charges of rebellion, sedition and conspiracy and sentenced to
death. Earlier, Rizal was already considered as an enemy of the state by
the Spanish authorities with the publication of his two great novels --
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. Thus, Rizal was executed on
December 30, 1896 in Bagumbayan (Luneta), which has been renamed
Rizal Park in his memory.

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 Infer Rizal’s ideas and
philosophies through his last
poem
 “mi ultimo adios”
 Written by Jose Rizal alone, in the prison cell on December 29, 1896
(unsigned, untitled and undated)
 Rizal hid it in an alcohol stove and it was folded so many times when it
was hidden in the lamparilla that made his sister unfold it delicately
with the use of hairpins
 It has 14 five-line stanzas and considered as the “best poem” of Jose
Rizal
 Mariano Ponce gave the title “Mi Ultimo Pensamiento” while the
prisoner named Father Mariano Dacanay titled the farewell poem as
“Mi Ultimo Adios”

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✣ "Mi último adiós" is interpreted into 46
Philippine languages, including Filipino Sign
Language, and as of 2005 at least 35 English
translations known and published (in print). The
most popular English iteration is the 1911
translation of Charles Derbyshire and is
inscribed on bronze.

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 BRIEF DESCRIPTION
✣ An Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines- “LA INDEPENDENCIA”
which means “THE LIBERTY”, is among the first of several post-independence
newspapers published by Filipinos as early as September 3, 1898. General Antonio
Luna was its founding editor, who was later on replaced by Rafael Palma since Luna
focused more on the war effort.
✣ MARIANO PONCE headed the Literary Section of the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina,
a society of Liberal Spaniards and Filipinos, founded to help the Propaganda
Movement, of which he was elected Secretary. He was also a Filipino physician, writer
and active member of the Propaganda Movement. In Spain, he was among the
founders of La Solidaridad and Asociación Hispano-Filipino.)
✣ FATHER MARIANO DACANAY is a famous Ilocano priest and writer and the one
who titled Jose Rizal’s farewell poem as “Mi ultimo adios”.

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“He who does not know how to look
back at where he came from, will
never get to his destination.”
-Dr. Jose Rizal

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 Thankyou!
God bless!
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