MARK JHON M.

PAMITTAN
 RIZAL’S LIFE

EXILE DEATH

TRIAL
▪Jose Rizal was arrested by the Spanish
authorities for:

1. publishing anti-Catholic and anti-friar books and articles;

2. having in possession a bundle of handbills, the Pobres Frailes, in which advocacies were in violation of the
Spanish orders;
3. dedicating his novel, El Filibusterismo to the three “traitors” (Gomez, Burgos and Zamora) and for emphasizing
on the novel's title page that “the only salvation for the Philippines was separation from the mother country
(referring to Spain)”; and for
4. simply criticizing the religion and aiming for its exclusion from the Filipino culture.
▪ Upon his return to the Philippines in 1892, he was arrested by the
Spanish government for being a subversive and for his reported
involvement in the rebellion. He was then exiled to the island of the
Dapitan in the southernmost island group of the Philippines, Mindanao.
There he established a school that taught English to young boys, he
worked on agricultural projects on abaca, a plant used for rope, and he
continued to practice medicine, eventually meeting one of the most
famous women in his life, Josephine Bracken.
▪ PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION ( NOVEMBER 20, 1896)

This was Rizal’s gruelling five day inestifgation. He was informed of charges
against him, he answered the questions asked by Judge Advocate Colonel Francisco
Olive, but he was not permitted to confront those who testified against him.

Two kinds of evidence were presented to him:

✓ Documentary
✓ Testimonial
Fifteen documents were used as evidence against him:
▪ 1. A letter from Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce dated Oct. 16,1888, Madrid
▪ 2. A letter of Rizal to his family dated Aug.20,1890, Madrid.
▪ 3. A letter from M.H Del Pilar to Deodato Arellano dated Jan. 7,1889, Madrid
▪ 4. A poem entitled “KUNDIMAN” allegedly written by Rizal
▪ 5. A letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified person, Sept. 18, 1891.
▪ 6. A Masonic document dated Feb. 9, 1892
▪ 7. A letter signed “Dimasalang” to Ten Luz (Juan Zulueta) dated May 24, 1892, H.K.
▪ 8. A letter signed Dimasalang to unidentified committee dated June 1, 1892, Hong Kong.
▪ 9. An anonymous and undated letter to Editor of Hong Kong Telegraph.
▪ 10. A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated Sept.3,1892
▪ 11. A letter of Rizal Segundo, dated Sept. 17, 1893.
▪ 12. A letter to M.H. Del Pilar to Juan A. Tenluz.
▪ 13. Atranscript of the speech of Pinkian (Emilio Jacinto) In a meeting of the Katipunan on
July 23, 1893.
▪ 14. Transcript of a speech Tik-Tol ( Jose Turiano Santiago) During the same Katipunan
meeting.
▪ 15. A poem by Laon Laan ( Rizal) entitled “A Talisay “
▪ Oral testimonies were taken and were
used to implicate Rizal in the Philippine
Revolution.
1. Martin Constantino 8. Francisco Quison
2. Aguendo del Rosario` 9. Timoteo Paez
3. Jose Reyes 10. Deodato Arellano
4. Moises Salvador
11. Pedro Serrano Laktaw
5. Jose Dizon
6. Pio Valenzuela
12. Antonio Salazar
7. Ambrosio Savador 13. Domingo Franco
▪ It was decided that there was “prima facie” evidence
against Rizal.
▪ Governor General Ramon Blancoappointed Captain Rafael
Dominguez as the Judge Advocate to institute the corresponding
action against Rizal.
▪Don Nicolas de la Pena- Judge Advocate General, whom General
Blanco transmitted the papers for an opinion
ADVOCATE GENERAL PENA’S
RECOMMENDATIONS:
▪Rizal must be immediately sent to trial
▪He must be held in Prison under necessary security
▪Instead of civilian lawyer, only an army officer is
allowed to defend Rizal
▪Rizal choose Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade
▪1 st Lieutenant of the Artiillery, brother of Jose
Taviel de Andrade, the bodyguard of Rizal
▪ December 11, 1896
Charged with the crime of rebellion, and the formation of illegal associations.
▪ Rizal replied that:
-He does not question the jurisdiction of the court
-He has nothing to amend except that during his exile in Dapitan in 1892, he had
not dealt in political matters;
-He has nothing to admit on the charges against him
-He had nothing to admit on the declarations of the witnesses, he had not met nor
knew, against him.
WHILE IN DETENTION
▪DECEMBER 13, 1896
Rizal released a manifesto that he denounces the revolution and
condemned Katipunan for using his name without his permission
▪DECEMBER 15, 1986
Rizal wrote a manifesto to his people appealing to them to stop
the unnecesarry shedding of blood and to achieve their liberties by
means of education and industry.
▪At Hall of Banners of the Cuartel de España.
▪ Cuartel de Espana- military building.
▪Seven Members of the Military Court

1. Lt. Col. Jose Togores Arjona (president)

2. Capt. Ricardo Munoz Arias
3. Capt. Manuel Reguera
4. Capt. Santiago Izquierdo Osorio
5. Capt. Braulio Rodriguez Nunez
6. Capt. Manuel Diaz Escribano
7. Capt. Fernando Perez Rodriguez
▪Also present in the courtroom were:

1. Dr. Jose Rizal (the accused)

2. Lt. Taviel de Andrade (his defense council) Capt. Rafael Dominguez
(Judge Advocate)
3. Lt. Enrique de Alcocer (prosecuting Attorney)
The Spectators:

1. Josephine Bracken
2. a sister of Rizal
3. some newspapermen
4. many Spaniards
 IN HIS SUPPLEMENTARY DEFENSE RIZAL FURTHER PROVED HIS
INNOCENCE BECAUSE:
▪ 1. He could not be guilty of rebellion, for he advised Dr. Pio Valenzuela about it.
in Dapitan not to rise in revolution.
▪ 9. If the La Liga had a revolutionary purpose, then Katipunan
▪ 2. He did not correspond with the radical, revolutionary elements. should not have been organized.
▪ 3. The revolutionists used his name without his knowledge. If he▪ 10. If the Spanish authorities found his letters having bitter
were guilty he could have escaped in Singapore. atmosphere, it was because in 1890 his family was being
persecuted resulting to their dispossession of properties and
▪ 4. If he had a hand in the revolution , he could have escaped in a deportation of all his brothersin-law.
Moro vinta and would not have built a home, a hospital, and
bought lands in Dapitan. ▪ 11. He lived an exemplary life in Dapitan – the politico-military
commanders and missionary priests in the province could attest to
▪ 5. If he were the chief of the revolution, why was he not consulted that.
by the revolutionists
▪ 12. If according to witnesses the speech he delivered at Doroteo
▪ 6. It was true he wrote the bylaws of the Liga-Filipina, but this is Ongjunco's house had inspired the revolution, then he want to
only a civic association – not a revolutionary society. confront these persons. If he really was for the revolution, then
▪ 7. The Liga Filipina did not live long. why did the Katipunan sent an unfamiliar emissary to him
inDapitan? It is so because all his friends were aware that he
▪ 8. If the La Liga was reorganized nine months later, he had no idea never advocated violence.
▪ He was accused of 3 crimes: rebellion, sedition, illegal associations.
▪ Penalty: Life imprisonment-death for rebellion and sedition, correctional
imprisonment and a fine of 325 to 3250 pesetas for illegal association.
▪ The court judged Rizal guilty for the charges and voted for the death
penalty
▪ December 28,1896- Governor General Polavieja signed Rizal’s death
warrant ordered to be shot at 7:am o’clock in the morning at
Bagumbayan.
RIZAL’S FINAL DAYS
▪ Rizal was transferred to the prison chapel
▪ Fr. Miguel Saderra Mata, Rector of the Ateneo Municipal and Fr. Luis Viza.
▪ Fr. Viza brought the image of the Sacred heart of Jesus
▪ Fr. Antonio Rosell- he ate breakfast with Rizal
▪ Lt. Taviel de Andrade- also arrived and Rizal thanked him for his gallan services
▪ Rizal was visited by several priests including Fr. Faura, S.J.
▪ Fr. Balaguer- he remained with Rizal around noon
▪ At the three o’clock in the afternoon, Fr. Balaguer returned and tried to persuade Rizal to retract
his Masonic belief’s but Rizal remained firm
▪ After he left, Rizal’s mother arrived paid her final visit to Rizal. She was accompanied by her
daughter Trinidad.
▪ A Mother’s Love, Teodora Alonzo’s letter to Camillo Polavieja to Spare Jose Rizal’s life
 It was originally entitled “Filipinas dentro cien anos”
First published in La Solidaridad in Madrid at September 30, 1889
February 1, 1890
Charles E. Derbyshire translated it in English
▪The Philippines a Century Hence” is an essay
written by Philippine national hero Jose Rizal to forecast
the future of the country within a hundred years. Rizal felt
that it was time to remind Spain that the circumstances
that ushered in the French Revolution could have a telling
effect for her in the Philippines.
THIS ESSAY, PUBLISHED IN LA SOLIDARIDAD STARTS BY ANALYZING THE
VARIOUS CAUSES OF THE MISERIES SUFFERED BY THE FILIPINO PEOPLE:

1. Spain’s implementation of military policies

Because of such policies, the Philippine population decreased

significantly. Poverty became more widespread, and farmlands were
left to wither. The family as a unit of society was neglected, and
overall, every aspect of the life of the Filipino wasretarded
2. DETERIORATION AND DISAPPEARANCE OF FILIPINO
INDIGENOUS CULTURE

When Spain came with the sword and the cross, it began the gradual destruction
of the native Philippine culture. Because of this, the Filipinos started losing confidence
in their past and their heritage, became doubtful of their present lifestyle, and eventually
lost hope in the future and the preservation of their race. The natives began forgetting
who they were – their valued beliefs, religion, songs, poetry, and other forms of customs
and traditions
3. PASSIVITY AND SUBMISSIVENESS TO THE SPANISH COLONIZERS

One of the most powerful forces that influenced a culture of silence

among the natives were the Spanish friars. Because of the use of force
and intimidation, unfairly using God’s name, the Filipinos learned to
submit themselves to the will of theforeigners
• Analysis of the history of the Philippines and the causesof her
sufferings.
• The awakening of the desire for justice and equality
Possible Reasons of Rizal upon writing this Essay

Installing fear on the current regime of Spanish tyranny for them to fly away from
other country.
Expressing sadness and failure, that even if Spain let loose hold of the Philippines,
there will be other countries in the world that are ready to take hold of our country
Rizal was giving a hint of hope to the Filipinos that sooner or alter, a great nation
will save their country from the oppressive rule of Spain
▪ Rizal answered the question what will Philippines become within a
Century
▪ Rizal discuss first the history of Malayan Filipinos.
▪ Rizal stated that Spain took advantage the discord on our land and
present them as Peacemaker after to dominate both parties. He subject
them to his authority.
Some Issues that Concern our Country
▪ Spain’s implementation of military policies
▪ The Philippine population decreased dramatically.
▪ Poverty became more rampant than ever, and farmlands were left to wither
The Lack of Freedom of the Press
▪ Rizal stated that the Philippines will remain under Spanish domination, but with more
law and greater liberty, or they will declare themselves independent after steeping
themselves and the mother country in blood.
▪ In his essay we see his urge to put freedom in our land through peaceful
negotiations with the Spanish government in Spain.
• The question then arises as to what had awakened the hearts and opened the minds
of the Filipino people with regards to their plight.
• Eventually, the natives realized that such oppression in their society by foreign
colonizers must no longer be tolerated.
• In this case some governors have been trying to introduce needed reforms but it
produced scanty result for the government as well as to the country
• With this our country is most likely reminded to Sancho Panza in Barataria island
where he took his seat on appointed table covered with fruits and variety of food
but when Pedro Rezio interposed Sanchi was a hungry as ever.
▪ That he should not eat except according to the usage and custom of other island. Philippines is like
Sancho, reforms are the dishes, Rezio are those persons interested in not having the dishes touched.
▪ The result is the long suffering of Sancho (Philippines) misses his liberty and end up rebelling. In
this manner as long as the Philippines have no liberty of press all the effort of the colonial
ministers will meet the fake like the dishes in Barataria Island.
▪ The minister who wants his reforms be reforms must begin by declaring the press in the
Philippines free and by instituting Filipino delegates.
▪ A government that governs in a country may even dispense with the press because it is on the
ground has eyes and ears, and directly observes what is rules and administers.
▪ A government that governs a far requires that the truth and facts reach its knowledge by every
possible channel that it may weigh and estimate them better, and this need increases when a
country like Philippines is concerned.
▪ To recapitulate: The Philippines will remain Spanish if they enter upon the life of law and
civilization, if the rights of their inhabitants are respected, if the other rights due them aregranted,
if the liberal policy of the government is carried out without false interpretation.
▪ Best described by this paragraph:
The existence of a foreign body within another endowed with strength and
activity is contrary to all natural and ethical laws. Science teaches us that
it is either assimilated, destroys the organism, is eliminated or becomes
encysted.
One question Rizal raises in this essay is whether or not Spain can
indeed prevent the progress of the Philippines:
▪ 1. Keeping the people uneducated and ignorant had failed. National consciousness had still
awakened, and great Filipino minds still emerged from the rubble.
▪ 2. Keeping the people impoverished also came to no avail. On the contrary, living a life of
eternal destitution had allowed the Filipinos to act on the desire for a change in their way
of life. They began to explore other horizons through which they could move towards
progress.
▪ 3. Exterminating the people as an alternative to hindering progress did not work either. The
Filipino race was able to survive amidst wars and famine, and became even more numerous
after such catastrophes. To wipe out the nation altogether would require the sacrifice of
thousands of Spanish soldiers, and this is something Spain would not allow.
MARK JHON M. PAMITTAN