PROJECT PRESENTATION
Pandoh bypass to Takoli Project under NHAI, H.P.

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION

VASU GOYAL

(19BBA1434)

Under the guidance of

Mr. Umit Khemta Er. Rohit
Faculty Coordinator Quality Check Engineer

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, GHARUAN

ABOUT PROJECT

 The project in which we are doing training is a road and tunnel

project from Pandoh bypass to takoli in Distt. Mandi H.P.This project
is a four lane project constituting tunnels, bridges and roads.We are
currently working in the tunnel part of the project.The total length of
the tunnel to be constructed is 2800 meters.When we joined this
project tunnel was constructed up to 700 meters and by the end of the
first month it was 800 meters. Now after the completion of second
month it is now 940 meters constructed. There are two tunnel sites
one is at Hanogi Distt. Mandi and one is at Khotinala Distt. Mandi
and these two tunnel sites will be joined by a bridge.
 Fig 1

Fig 1 Tunnel Portal

SUMMARY

There are various types of construction techniques developed for construction of

tunnels some of which are named below :

1) Cut and Cover Method

2) New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM)
3) Clay Kicking Method
4) Pipe Jacking Method
5) Box Jacking Method
In the construction of tunnels in these projects they are using NATM (New Austrian
Tunneling method) which is a method of modern tunnel design and construction.
Now key advantage of this method is that it takes advantage of inherent geological
strength available in the surrounding rock mass to stabilize the tunnel.
 Various processes in the construction the tunnel

 Profile Marking
 Face drilling
 Loading & Blasting
 Defuming
 Mucking
 Scaling & Breaking
 Sealing Shotcrete
 Lattice Girder erection
 Wire mash
 Rockbolts & Fore poles
 Final shotcrete
 Face Drilling

In this process face of the tunnel is drilled with the help of the drilling machine known
as Tamrock. There are various methods of drilling pattern but out of all those
methods Wedge cut method (also known as V Cut) is being used in this project. The
main principle of this method is to drill the blast holes at an angle starting from the
centre. This method also helps in controlling the over break.
Alternate methods that can also be used :
1) Burn Cut Method : In this method holes are drilled parallelly. This method is
better than the wedge cut method but is not used at site because geology is highly
faulted and jointed type of rock strata exists i.e. surface is not homogeneous.
2) Drag Cut Methods : Holes are drilled at acute angles ( not less than 30
degrees).This is useful where diameter of face is small.
Fig 2 Face Drilling by Tamrock
 Profile Marking

 This is the first tunnelling process in which the surveyor mark the profile of the
face of the tunnel, according to which the drilling is done. This is the important
part as it helps in proper construction of the tunnel because if the profile marking
is perfect then we will get proper alignment of the tunnel.
 Generally profile marking is needed in A & B class of rocks
 Because lattice girders are not used in these classes of rock. Lattice girders helps
in profile marking of next face. So there is no much need of profile marking in
case of C, D & E classes of rock because L.G. are used their.
 Loading & Blasting

After face drilling loading of explosives is done. Explosive materials which are used
in the explosion are Power Gel, NED’s (Non Electric Detonator), ED’s (Electric
detonators), cortex wire, hook wire & exploder. Also mud sticks are used for
stemming. Power gels are loaded in the drilled holes with the help of loading stick.
Then these gels are connected with NED’s. After that these NED’s are connected
with each other by cortex wire. These cortex wires are connected to the ED’s. Then
this ED is connected to the hook wire which is connected to the detonator.
Fig 3 Loading of Explosive Material
 Defuming

After blasting many harmful gases are emitted by the explosives which
can be harmful for the people working inside the tunnel. Therefore
time of at least one hour is given for these gases to get exhaust out
because it is dangerous to work in presence of these harmful gases.
 Mucking, Scaling & Breaking

After Defuming the muck produced after the blast is taken out in the dump trucks.
These dump trucks are filled with muck using loader or excavator. But generally
loader is used for this purpose. In mucking disposal of muck is also included. This
process is one of the important processes as disposal of muck is one of the main
problems faced in construction of tunnels.

After the mucking process scaling of the tunnel is done using excavator & breaker.
After blast rocks which are not get detached from the face are scaled using these
machines to get the proper face of the tunnel.
 Sealing Shotcrete

 In this process the concrete is sprayed on the face using the concrete
spraying machines known as Normat & Putzmeister.
 Grade of concrete used here is M25
 Grade of aggregates is A10
 Admixture used in the batch plant is Superplasticizer.
 Chemical used on site is Accelerator.
 This sealing shot of concrete gives us the proper smooth surface and
also it helps in supporting the rocks.
Fig 4 spraying of concrete by putzmeister
 Lattice Girder Erection

Lattice girder are supporting elements in tunnels and they normally consist of steel
bars laced together in triangular pattern. They are made to suit the shape of the
tunnel. They transfer the load of the tunnel to the strata. L.G. are used in C, D & E
class of rocks. A & B class of rocks do not require lattice girders as rock is not weak
in these classes.
Generally 25mm and 32mm steel bars are used. Two 25 mm bars and one 32 mm
bars are used in lattice construction.
 In C class spacing between these steel bars is 70 mm.
 In D class spacing between these steel bars is 90 mm.
 In E class spacing between these steel bars is 130 mm.
Fig 5 Lattice Girders
 Wire Mesh & Connecting Rods

 Wire mesh and connecting rods are used between two lattices. To
fill space between two lattices wire mesh is used and to connect two
lattices connecting rods are used.
 Generally wire mesh size which is used is (150*150*6) mm or
(150*150*8) mm. For C Class 1 layer, For D Class 2 layers of wire
mesh are used.
 Connecting rods joins two lattices which makes them more stable
and increases the stability of the structure.
Fig 6 Wire mesh
 Rockbolts & Forepoles

 A rock bolt is a long anchor bolt for stabilizing rock excavations, which may be
used in tunnels or rock cuts. It transfers load from the unstable exterior to the
confined (and much stronger) interior of the rock mass.
 Rock bolt used in this project are of 25 mm dia and of 6 m length.
 For rock bolt staggered pattern is used.
Now there are 4 types of rockbolt:1) SN (Stor Norfurs)
2) SDA (Self Drilling Anchors)
3) SDR (Self Drilling Rockbolts)
4) Swellex
Here SN type Rockbolts are used because of the rock type.
FOREPOLES: These are loading bearing pipes placed at the face and ahead of it
on the top of the crown of a tunnel injected with cement grout. By using this
pre support technique tunnel section can be advanced safe.
Here Forepoles used are of 32 mm dia and 4m in length.

Fig 7 Insertion of Rockbolts & Forepoles

 Final Shotcrete

 In this process the concrete is sprayed on the face using the concrete spraying
machines known as Normat & Putzmeister.
 Grade of concrete used here is M25
 Grade of aggregates is A10
 Admixture used in the batch plant is Superplasticizer.
 Chemical used on site is Accelerator.
 Final shotcrete is the final layer on the lattice, wire mesh & connecting rods in
case of C, D & E Class of rocks.
 For A & B Class of rocks after insertion of Rockbolts and forepoles final shot is
given as there is no need of lattices.
 For B Class – 100 mm thickness of final shotcrete
 For C Class – 200 mm thickness of final shotcrete
 For D Class – 250 mm thickness of final shotcrete
 For E Class – 300 mm thickness of final shotcrete
Fig 13 Final shotcrete by Putzmeister
 CONCLUSION
 Doing training in this project helped in learning about the processes which are used in construction of
tunnels.
 Also it helped me in knowing the various methods involved in tunneling in the Himalayan geology.
 Also I got to know about the method that is being used at site i.e. the Wedge cut or also known as V-
Cut method. This method is most suitable for use at site because of the existing geological condition
i.e. the rock strata present is non- homogeneous, fractured, weak, laminated and also highly stratified.
 It helped me to know about the methodology and various steps involved in the drilling and blasting
method and the various equipment's used for blasting purposes like NED's, ED's and Explosives and
DC's.
 We also got to know about the various alternative methods that can be used in place of Wedge cut i.e.
Burn Cut and Drag Cut method. And also found the reasons why these methods are currently not
being used at site as explained above.