Ground water wells and pumps

IDE 325
DR.CH.RAJENDRA SUBUDHI
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,
DEPT OF SWCE,
CAET,OUAT
Mob-9437645234
E-mail-rsubudhi5906@gmail.com
Lecture No. Course content as per teaching plan

1 Occurrence and movement of ground water

2 aquifer and its types, classification of wells

3 steady and transient flow into partially

4 fully and non-penetrating and open wells

5 familiarization of various types of bore wells common in the state

6 design of open well

7 groundwater exploration techniques

8 methods of drilling of wells, percussion, rotary, reverse rotary

9 design of assembly and gravel pack

10 problems

11 completion of well

12 installation of well screen

13 development of well , well interference

14 groundwater hydraulics-determination of aquifer parameters by different method such as Theis,

15 Jacob and Chow’s etc, multiple well systems,

16 surface and subsurface exploitation and estimation of ground water potential,

17 Theis recovery method

18 quality of ground water

19 artificial groundwater recharge

20 planning, modeling

21 ground water project formulation

 Practical:
1 Verification of Darcy’s Law
2 Derivation of Hydraulic conductivity
3 Study of different drilling equipments;
4 Study of hydraulic conductivity by falling head method
5 well screens design;
6 Estimation of specific yield and specific retention;
7 Estimation of aquifer parameters by Thies method, Coopers-Jacob method , Chow
method, Theis Recovery method;
8 Well design under confined and unconfined conditions
9 well losses and well efficiency;
10 Estimating ground water balance
11 Study of artificial ground water recharge structures;
• Recommended Books:
• Michael A M. Irrigation Thoery & Practice, Vikas Publishing
House Pvt. Ltd., Delhi
• Water wells and pumps. Michel, Khepar and Sondhi, Tata
McGraw Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
• Ground Water Hydrology – D K Todd, John Wiley & Sons, New
York
• Ground Water – Raghunath, New Age Publications, New Delhi
• Ground Water Hydrology – H S Nagabhusha, CBS Publishers &
Distribution, New Delhi.
• Ground Water & Tube Wells – S P Garg, Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
 WELCOME

OCCURRENCE OF GROUND WATER

 Occurrence of ground water
Ground water is a precious and most widely
distributed resource of the earth and unlike
any other mineral resources; it gets annual
replenishment from the precipitation.
 Ground water resources:

• The world’s total water

resources are estimated
at 1.37X108 million ha-
m. of these global water Salt water,97.2%

resources about 97.2%

Fresh water2.8%

is salt water mainly in

oceans and only 2.8 % is
available as fresh water
at any time on the
planet earth.
• Out of this 2.8% fresh 90

80

water, about 2.2% is 70

60

available as surface 50

40
Surface water 79%
Ground water21%

water and 0.6% as 30

20

ground water. 10

0
1
 Table Fresh water present in different sources

Even out of this 2.2% of surface Source %

water 2.15 % is fresh water in
glaciers and ice caps and only of Ice caps-97.7% 97.7
the order of 0.01% (1.36X104 M ha- lake and reservoirs,0.01% 0.01
m) is available in lakes and
reservoirs, and 0.0001 % in streams,0.0001% 0.0001
streams, the remaining being in
water vapour,0.001 % 0.001
other forms -0.001% as water vapor
in atmosphere, and 0.002 % as soil soil moisture,0.002% 0.002
moisture in the top 0.6m, out of
Ground water below800m
0.6% of stored ground water, only unavailable ,1.6869% 1.6869
about 0.3% (41.1X 104 M ha-m ) can
Ground water economically
be economically extracted with the etractable,0.3% ( 1.1X 104 M ha-m ) 0.3
present drilling technology, the
remaining being unavailable as it is Ground water cannot be extracted
situated below a depth of 800m. economically0.3% 0.3
total 100
• Thus ground water is the largest source of
fresh water on the planet excluding the polar
ice caps and glaciers. The amount of ground
water within 800m from the ground surface is
over 30 times the amount in all fresh water
and reservoirs and about 3,000 times the
amount in stream channels, at any time.
• At present nearly one fifth of all the water
used in the world is obtained from ground
water resources. Agriculture is the greatest
user of water accounting for 80% of all
consumption. It takes roughly speaking, 1000
tons of water to grow one ton of grain and
2000 tons to grow one ton of rice. Some 15%
of world’s crop land is irrigated. The present
irrigated area in India is 60 million ha (M ha) of
which about 40% is from ground water.
• Ground water recharge:
• The average annual rainfall (a.a.r.) of India is
around 114 cm. Based on this a.a.r. it is
estimated that the total annual rainfall over
the entire country is of the order of 370 M-ha-
m and one third of this is lost in evaporation ,
of the remaining 247 M-ha-m of water , 167
m-Ha-m goes as runoff and the rest of the 80
M-ha-m of goes as sub soil water.
• Out of this 80 M-ha-m of subsoil
water that seeps down annually into
the soil, about 43 M-ha-m gets
absorbed in the top layer, thereby
contributing to the soil moisture, the
balance 37 M-ha-m is the
contribution to ground water from
rainfall.
• The average annual ground water recharge
from rainfall and seepage from canals and
irrigation systems is of the order of 67 M-ha-m
of which 40 % i.e. 27 M-ha-m, is extractable
economically. The present utilization of
ground water is roughly half of this (13 M-ha-
m) and about 14 M-ha-m is available for
further exploitation and utilization.
• Ground water recharge in Odisha
• Odisha occupies a geographical area of 1,
55,707 sq.km. with a narrow track of coastal
plain stretching over a distance of 480 km
along the eastern boundary of bay of Bengal.
Odisha is divided into 3 revenue divisions, 30
districts and 58 subdivisions and 314
community development blocks. Average
annual rainfall of Odisha is 1503 mm.
Following important rivers flowing through Odisha.

• Mahanadi
• Brahmani
• Baitarani
• Budhabalanga
• Subarnarekha
• Vansadhara
• Indrabati
• Out of 155.707 lakh ha geographical area
118.8 lakh ha area (76.3%)is suitable for
ground water exploration. Out of this 86.444
lakh ha (73%) with hard rock and 32.356 lakh
ha (27 %) in alluvium.
• At present irrigation is given to 33.1 % (19 lakh
ha) during kharif and 13.93 % (8 lakh ha)
during rabi of net sown area in Odisha.
• Odisha has got 2.10X 106 ha-m of
replenishable ground water resources, out of
these 1.12 X106 ha-m (53%)is utilized and rest
1.98 X106 ha-m(47%) is not utilized.
• Geo-hydrology: Identical to Ground Water
Hydrology but greater emphasis is given to
hydrology.
• Hydrogeology: Refers mainly to geology.
• Groundwater Hydrology: The subdivision of
the science of hydrology that deals with the
occurrence, movement and quality of water
beneath the Earth’s surface.
• Geology-Governs the occurrence and
distribution of water.
• Hydrology: Determines the supply of water to
the ground
• Fluid Mechanics: Explains the measurement
of water in sub-strata.
• Occurrence of ground water
• The rainfall that percolates below the ground
surface, passes through the voids of the rocks
and joins the water table. These voids are
generally inter-connected, permitting the
movement of water between the interstices. The
mode of occurrence of ground water therefore,
depends largely upon the type of formation and
hence depends upon the geology of the area.
• The possibility of occurrence of ground water
mainly depends upon two geological factors,
i.e.
• The porosity of the rocks and
• The permeability of the rocks
• as explained below
• a)Porosity: The porosity of the rock, which is
major geological criteria for occurrence of
ground water is a quantitative measurement
of the voids present in the rocks. It is generally
defined as the percentage of the voids present
in a given volume of aggregate.
 Mathematically, it can be expressed as
Porosity=Vv/V

• Where
• Vv= Total volume of voids in the aggregate,
i.e. the volume of water required to saturate
the dry sample . And
• V=The volume of aggregate.
• It is generally denoted by the letter n
• So n=(Vv/v)X100 (percent)---------------1
• Uniform grains (Fig 1) give rise to higher porosity where
as heterogeneous grains with irregular arrangements
(Fig. 2) decrease the porosity.
 
 
 
 
 

Fig 1.1 Uniform grains Fig a.2 Heterogeneous grains

• In general a porosity greater than 20% is
considered to be large and below 5 % are
small, and in between 5 to 20% as medium.
The porosity values for a few common type of
rock formations are given in Table 1.1
 Table 1.1 Porosity value of a few rock
formations
S.No Type of rock formation Porosity, %

1 Granite, Quartzite 1.5

2 Slate , Shale 4

3 Limestone 5-10

4 Sand stone 10-15

5 Sand and Gravel 20-30

6 Only gravel 25

7 Only sand 35

8 Clay and soil 45

• Permeability
• As stated above, the ground water can get
stored in the underground rocks only if they
are sufficiently porous. In other words, water
is get stored in the pores (voids) of the rocks.
The porosity of the rock, thus defining the
maximum amount of water that can be stored
in the rocks.
• In fact the water can enter into a rock (with
any amount of porosity) only if the rock
permits the flow of water through it i.e. it
depends on whether the rock is permeable or
not.
• It may be clarified here that a rock which is
porous , may or may not be permeable. For
example, shale is a porous rock, but its pore
spaces are so minute that the rock remains
impermeable. The size of pores, is thus quite
an important factor, and it should be
sufficiently large to make the rock permeable.
• The permeability is therefore defined as the
ability of a rock or unconsolidated sediment to
transmit or pass water through itself.
• K=V/I,
• Where K=Hydraulic conductivity m/day,
V=Velocity m/day and i=(h2-h1)/l, hydraulic
gradient.
• Transmissibility is another term which
represents the same physical meaning but only
differing mathematically as explained below:
• The capability of the entire soil of full width (b)
and depth (d) i.e. area (b.d) is represented by
permeability, while that of soil of unit width
and full depth ( b=1 and d=d i.e. A=d) is known
as transmissibility.
• The permeability is measured in terms of
coefficient of permeability and variable head
permeameter are used to measure
permeability.
• Zones of under ground water:
• As we move down below the surface of the Earth
towards the its center, water is found to exist in
different forms in different regions. With regard
to the existence of water at different depths, the
Earth’s crust can be divided into various zones,
namely,
• 1. Zone of rock fracture and
• 2. Zone of rock flowage.
• Ground surface
• Soil water
• Zone Zone of aeration
• Of rock
• fracture Intermediate water
• Water table or gravity water
• Capillary fringe water or Vadose or
• suspended Zone of saturation
• Zone of rock Internal water
• flowage (Interstices absent)
• The depth of the zone of rock flowage is not
accurately known, but is generally estimated
as many miles. Interstices are generally absent
in this zone. Water present in this zone is
known as internal water and a hydraulic
engineer has nothing to do with this water.
• Above the zone of rock flowage, there lies the
zone of rock fracture. In this zone, the stresses
are within the elastic limits and the interstices
do exist.
• Water is stored in this voids, the amount of
which depends upon porosity. The maximum
depth of this zone below the ground surface,
varies in the range of about 100 meter or less
to 1,000 meter or more.