Engine Technology

Gasoline Engine
Work
• moving of an object against an opposing force by a push, pull or lift
• measured in terms of distance and force, or foot-pounds (ft-Ib) in the USC
system or meter-kilograms (m-kg) in metric system

Work = distance X force

Example : 5 pound (2.27 kg) weight is

lifted 5 feet (1.52 m)
 Engine Technology

Gasoline Engine
Energy
• the ability to do work. When work is done on an object, energy is stored in
the object
• measured in joule

Power

• rate at which work is done – slowly or rapidly

• usually measured as horsepower [hp] or as kilowatts [kW] in the metric system

Torque
• a turning or twisting force
• engines produce power by turning a crankshaft in a circular motion
• To convert terms of force applied in a straight line to a force applied in a
circular motion, the formula is

Torque = force x radius

 Engine Technology

Gasoline Engine
Inertia
• cause an object to resist any change of speed or direction of travel

• inertia must be overcome by applying power to make something move

• inertia tries to keep the vehicle moving in a straight line. The tires must
overcome this tendency. Otherwise inertia may cause the vehicle to skid
off the road

Friction

• resistance to motion between two objects in contact with each other

• the greater the load, the greater the friction and the greater force are required to
move the object.

• there are 3 classes of friction:

1. Dry friction – resistance to motion between two dry objects

2. Greasy friction – friction between two objects thinly coated with oil or grease (occur
in the engine when first starting.
 Engine Technology

Gasoline Engine
Friction
3. Viscous friction – resistance to rotation between layers of liquid. In engine
the layer of oil support the shaft and no metal to metal contact. Resistance
only viscous friction.
 Engine Technology

Gasoline Engine
Engine Torque
• it results from combustion pressures pushing down the piston and it applies
torque through the connecting rod to the engine crankshaft.

• higher volumetric efficiency produce a

higher combustion pressure and the
greater the torque is produce.

• two valves engine start with higher

torque and drop as the engine speed
increase above 3000 rpm

• four valves engine has a flatter curves

produce relatively higher torque
 Engine Technology

Gasoline Engine
Engine Power
• available from crankshaft to do work and measure in unit of horse power (hp).
It’s a measure of the rate at which a horse can work
• a horse pull 200 lb for the distance
of 165 ft in 1 minute
• amount of work performed are
33,000 ft-lb

Hp = L x W / 33,000 x t

• engine power also measure in kilowatts (Kw)

One horse power is equal to 0.746 kW.
One kW is equal to 1.34 hp.

• also can calculate if we know the engine torque and speed

Hp = engine torque x rpm / 5252

 Engine Technology

Gasoline Engine
Engine Power
• there are several type of horsepower
Brake horse power (Bhp) – the power available from engine crankshaft to do work.
Gross horse power – measured by testing the basic engine

Net horse power – power delivered by a fully equipped engine

Road horse power – power delivered to the drive wheel.
Indicated horse power (Ihp) – power developed inside the combustion chamber

. Friction horse power (Fhp) – power that required to overcome friction inside engine
 Engine Technology
 Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)

Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of energy in the indicated power, ip, to the input fuel energy in appropriate
units.

•ηith = ip/ E (energy in fuel [kW])

•ηith = bp/ E (energy in fuel [kW])
•ηm = bp/ip

Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth)

Brake thermal efficiency is the ratio of energy in brake power, bp, to the input fuel energy in appropriate units

Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)

Mechanical efficiency is define as the ratio of brake power (delivered power) to the indicated power (power
provided to the piston)

•(ηm) = bp/ ip = bp/bp+fp

•fp = ip – bp
 Engine Technology

Examples 1.

The mechanical efficiency of a single-cylinder four-stroke engine is

80%. The friction power is estimated to be 25kW. Calculate the
indicated power (ip) and brake power (bp) developed by the engine.
Solution:
bp/ip = 0.8
ip – bp = 25
(ip – 0.8) x ip = 25
ip = 25/0.2 = 125kW

bp = ip – fp = 125 – 25
= 100kW
 Engine Technology

Examples 2.

A 42.5kW engine has a mechanical efficiency of 85%. Find the indicated

power and frictional power. If the frictional power is assumed to be
constant with load, what will be the mechanical efficiency at 60% of
the load?
Solution:
Indicated power, ip= bp/ ηm = 42.5/0.85 = 50 kW
Frictional power, fp= ip – bp = 50 – 42.5
= 7.5 kW

Brake power at 60% load = 42.5 x 0.6 = 25.5 kW

Mechanical efficiency ηm = bp/ (bp + fp) = 25.5/ (25.5 + 7.5)
=0.773 = 77.3%
 Engine Technology

 Engine Efficiency
• efficiency means comparing the effort exerted with the results obtained.
Engine efficiency is relation between its actual power and its theoretical power

• 2 type of engine efficiency:

1. mechanical efficiency
2. thermal efficiency

1. Mechanical Efficiency

the relationship between bhp and ihp Mechanical efficiency = bhp / ihp

Example: At one speed, the bhp of an engine is 116. The ihp is 135

mechanical efficiency is 116/135 = 0.86, or 86 %.

# This means that 86 % of the ihp is delivered by the engine.

# The remaining 14 % is lost as fhp.

 Engine Technology

Gasoline Engine
2. Thermal Efficiency
• the relation between the power produced and the energy in the fuel burned to
produce that power

• Some of the heat produced by combustion

is carried away

by the engine lubricating / engine friction

by the cooling systems
lost in the hot exhaust gases as they leave
the cylinder.
Lost in engine accessories

• All these heat (thermal) losses reduce the

thermal efficiency of the engine.
• Thermal efficiencies of spark-ignition engines may be below 20 percent. They
are
seldom above 25 percent. Some diesel engines have thermal efficiencies of 35 %
or higher
 Engine Technology

Gasoline Engine
Overall Efficiency
• Energy is lost during transferring power to turning the drive wheels. Vehicle
are propelled by, about 20 % of the energy in the fuel. This energy is then
used up overcoming rolling resistance and air resistance.
Volumetric Efficiency
• Volumetric efficiency (VE) is the measure of how completely the cylinder fills
with air-fuel mixture during intake stroke. VE would be 100% if the cylinder
filled completely

• However, several factors prevent this.

1. In a running engine, the air or air-fuel mixture must pass rapidly through narrow
openings and bends in the intake manifold and cylinder head.
2. Engine heat warms the passing air and causes it to expand.
3. Intake valve opens for a short time for the cylinder to fill completely (only one
hundredth (0.01) second at high speed).
4. Exhaust gases that remain in the cylinder after the intake stroke begins allow less
air-fuel mixture to enter
 Engine Technology

Gasoline Engine

• Good volumetric efficiency for an engine running with the throttle wide open
at fairly high speed (3000 to 4000 rpm) is 80%. As speed increases, VE may
drop to 51%. This means the cylinders are only half-filled

• There are several ways to improve volumetric efficiency.

1. Use larger intake valves.

2. Use more than one intake valve and exhaust valve per cylinder
3. Use forced induction system to pressurize the air or air-fuel mixture
4. Increasing valve lift - distance of valve moves down when it opens ( Vtec, VTC )
 Engine Technology

Gasoline Engine

Reviewing Engine Performance

• There are several can influence engine performance:

1. Piston displacements determine the volume of air or air-fuel mixture that will be
enters the in induction stroke. Greater the displacement, more mixture can enter,
and the more powerful the power strokes

2. Volumetric efficiency determines how much air-fuel mixture enter the cylinder at
any speed.

3. Amount of mixture helps determine the pressure applied to the piston during the
power stroke. More mixture, the higher the pressure, and the more powerful the
power stroke

4. The pressure applied to the pistons determines engine torque

5. Torque and engine speed determine engine power