Groundnut

GROUNDNUT
 B.N. - Arachis hypogaea L.
 Family – Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
 Chromosome no.-2n= 20
THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586
IMPORTANCE
 Among all the oil seed crops, groundnut accounts for more than 40% acreage and 60% production in
the country.
 Ground nut is also known peanut, earthnut, monkey nut, goober, pinda and manilla nut,jacknut,
gooberpea.
 Among the oil seed crops, ground nut has first place in India.
 Groundnut oil is primarily used in the manufacture of vegetable oil (vanaspati ghee).
 . Groundnut seed contains about 45% oil and 26% percent protein,10-20% carbohydrates.
 Groundnut are a great blend of healthy fats, protein,and fibres that
curbs your appetite,lower risk of heart disease and regulate blood
glucose levels.(m.netmeds.com)
Cont..
 The oilcake obtained after the extraction of the oil is a valuable organic manure and animal feed.
 It contains 7-8 percent nitrogen, and 1.5 % phosphorous and 1.5% potash.
 They are a rich source of Thiamine, Riboflavin, nicotinic acid and vitamin E. However they lack in
vitamin A.
 It is a good rotation crop it builds up the soil fertility by the fixing atmospheric N2 through the root
nodules and also an efficient cover crop for land exposed to soil erosion .
 Peanut oil is high in monosaturated ‘ good fat’ and low in saturated ‘
bad fat ‘ .(www.webmd.com)

ORIGIN AND HISTORY
 Groundnuts appear to have originated in Brazil in South America.

In 1838, , Bentham published his “flora Braziliensis” describing five species of Arachis, all from Brazil .
These 5 more wild species are -1)A.glabrata 2) A.pusilla 3) A.villosa 4) A.prostrata 5) A.tuberosa.
 In India the plant was introduced by the Portuguese Jesuit Fathers in 16 th century who followed
Vasco de Gama shortly after his landing in Malabar Coast.

AREA PRODUCTION PRODUCTIVITY
Crop Type Country Area Rank Country Production Rank Country Productivity Rank
m.ha m/ton kg/hac
India 8.5 1 China 18.7 1 China 3.674,1 1
China 5 2 India 6.8 2 India 1.182,2 2

GROUNDNU
T
Nigeria 2.5 3 USA 4.1 3 Nigeria 1.130,1 3
TOTAL Area Production Productivity

(In the World)
26.4 37.1 1400kg/ha
(www.fao.org)
AREA AND DISTRIBUTION (2019-
20)
Source- www.iopepc.org
IN INDIA
( Area= Hectare , Production=MT , Yield =
Kg/hectare)
AREA 39,31,700
PRODUCTION 6862565
YIELD 1745

LEADING STATES
STATES ACREAGE SHARE (%) PRODUCTI SHARE (%) YIELD

(ha) ON (MT) (kg/ha)
GUJARAT 1552200 39 2938315 43 1893
RAJASTHA 573889 15 1426114 21 2485
N
ANDHRA 553383 14 782484 11 1414
PRADESH
KARNATAK 370564 9 469875 7 1268
A
MADHYA 221700 6 227243 3 1025
PRADESH
MAHARAS 187500 5 193875 3 1034
HTRA
OTHERS 472464 12 824660 12 1745
LEADING COUNTRIES
Production=million metric tonnes
COUNTRY PRODUCTION
CHINA 18.7
INDIA 6.8
USA 4.1
NIGERIA 3.8

CLASSIFICATION
Classification according to Waldron

All the cultivated groundnuts have been divided into two groups.
1) The erect or bunch type – include Arachis hypogaea subspecies fastigiata.
2) The trailing or spreading type –include Arachis hypogaea subspecies procumbens.

Classification according to specialist of Tamil Nadu state
 Cultivated A. Hypogaea has been classified into 5 varieties based on habit of
growth, testa colour, size and other characters of pods leaf characters etc.
1) A. hypogaea var. oleifera
2) A. hypogaea var. nambyquare
3) A. hypogaea var. rasteiro
4) A. hypogaea var. asiatica
5) A. hypogaea var. gigantea
 Most of the cultivated ground nut are described as forms under var. oleifera.
•Although peanuts come in many varieties, there are

four basic market types: Runner, Virginia, Spanish
and Valencia. Each of the peanut types is distinctive in
size, flavor, and nutritional composition.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
 The ground nut belongs to the Leguminosae family. It is an annual and the plant grow from
30-60 cm high and produce angular hairy stems with spreading or erect branches. It has a
relatively deep tap root system with a well-developed lateral (secondary) root system. If
properly inoculated nodules form on the roots.
 Leaves of groundnut are usually pinnate with two pair of ovate leaflets. The leaflets are
arranged opposite to each other in pairs. The leaves occur alternately, one at each node.
 The most striking characteristics of the groundnut plant is its manner of flowering and seed
formation.
 The groundnut seed contains two large cotyledons, a stem axis, leaf primordial, hypocotyl
and primary roots.
 It is interesting to note that all primordial leaves and above ground structures appearing
within the first few weeks after germination are already present in the seed. .
 Germination is epigeal, hypocotyl is white and very prominent in the early stages of
growth but becomes indistinguishable from the roots as the plant matures.
 The primary root system is tap rooted but many lateral roots develop about three days after
germination.
Cont..
 The flowers are borne at the axils of the leaves either above or below the
ground. The flowers have yellow petals. 8-10 stamens form a
monadelphous bundle. Generally, flowers are self-pollinated. After
pollination, the perianth withers, and several peculiar events occur. At
the base of the ovary, a meristematic region grows and becomes a stalk-
like structure (the gynophore) that bends downwards and forces the
ovary into the soil. The gynophores is commonly referred to as the peg.
The peg carrying the ovary pushes itself into the soil. It is only after
entering the soil that ovary begins to develop and takes up a horizontal
position. At the same time pod begins to enlarge.
 The fruit is an indehiscent pod containing 1-5 seeds.

The taxonomical treatment of Arachis hypogaea species is as follows-
Kingdom Plantae
Division Tracheophyta
Class Magnoliophyta
Order Fabales
Family Fabaceae
Subfamily Faboideae
Tribe Aeschynomeneae
Genus Arachis
 Species hypogaea
CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS
 Groundnut is essentially a tropical plant. It requires a long and warm growing season.
 The most favourable climatic conditions are a well distributed rainfall of at least 50
cm during growing season, abundance of sunshine and relatively warm temperature.
 It seems that plant will grow best when the mean temp. is from 21-26.5 degree
Celsius.
 Although the crop can be grown in all the seasons, it is grown mainly in rainy season
(Kharif; June-September). The kharif season accounts for about 80% of the total
groundnut production. In the Southern (Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh) and
Southeastern regions (coastal Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal) groundnut is
grown also in rice fallows during post-rainy season (Rabi; October to March).
 Groundnut is a C3 plant and light influences both photosynthesis and respiration.
Groundnut canopy responds to increased light intensity up to full sunlight. It was
observed that 60% solar radiation for 60 days after emergence is critical for
groundnut. * Flowering is independent of photoperiod,

SOIL
 Groundnut thrives best in well drained sandy and sandy loam soils, as
light soil helps in easy penetration of pegs and their development and
also harvesting.
 Groundnut gives good yields in the soil with ph between 6.0-6.5

VARIETIES
State Recommended varieties
 Andhra Pradesh Kadiri-2, Kadiri-3
 Bihar BG-1,2, Kuber
 Gujarat GAUG-1,10, PG-1
 Haryana MH-1,2,4, M-13,145 PG-1
 Punjab PG-1, C-501,M-13,37,197,335,522 SG-84
 U.P. Chandra, Chitra, Kaushal Prakash,
 M.P. Jyoti, JL-24

 Maharashtra TG-1,17, AK-12,24, Vikram, Karad 4-11,
UF70-130 Phule pragati
 Rajasthan RS-1, RSB-103-87
 Tamil Nadu TMV-8, 9,10, Kaushal
The main Groundnut varieties produced in India are
Kadiri-2, Kadiri-3, BG-1, BG-2, Kuber , GAUG-1,
GAUG-10, PG-1 , T-28, T-64, Chandra, Chitra, Kaushal,
CROPPING SYSTEMS
 Groundnut is grown in rotation with wheat, lentil, chick pea, pea, barley
etc. It is grown as mixed crop with pearl millet maize, sorghum, castor
and cotton. Groundnut is also be followed by safflower where early var.
are grown and moisture remain in the soil at the time of harvest.
 Ground nut- wheat
 Ground nut-barley
 Ground nut- chickpea
 Ground nut- field pea
 Ground nut- lentil
 Sorghum, pearl millet, sataria, castor, sesame, safflower, niger, redgram,
field beans, cotton, etc., are generally grown mixed with groundnut.
FIELD PREPARATION
 Although groundnut is a deep rooted crop but looking to its

underground pod forming habit, deep ploughing should be
avoided. Because deep ploughing encourages development of
pods in deeper layer of soil which makes harvesting difficult. One
ploughing with soil turning plough followed by two harrowing
would be sufficient to achieve a good surface tilth up to 12-18 cm
depth. One or two summer cultivations will minimize weeds and
insect pests to a great extent in problem areas.
 In light soils, the seeds are sown to a depth of 5 to 7 cm and in
heavier soils to a depth of 4 to 5 cm. If the soil contains plenty of
moisture, the depth of sowing should be less than when it is
moderately dry.( www.ikisan.com)

•
To increase the storage of rainfall in soil, run-off must be controlled and rainwater must be allowed to stand on the soil surface even
after rainfall is over. This can be achieved by different land shaping methods done across the slope.
1. Broad Bed and Furrow System (BBF)

2. Compartmental Bunding
SEED AND SOWING
Selection and treatment of seed
 Quality of seed is of almost importance for establishing optimum plant stand. Pods for seed purpose
should be stored unshelled in a cool dry and ventilated place. For seed purposes, pods should be
shelled by hand one week before sowing. Hand shelling ensures little damage to seeds.
 . Treat the selected kernels with 5g of Thiram or captan or ceresan per gram of kernel so as to check
various seed and soil borne disease.

Time Of Sowing
 Sow the rain fed crop with the advent of monsoon in the last week
of June or in the first week of July.
 . Where irrigation facilities are available, sow groundnut around
20th June or 10-12 days before the onset of monsoon with a pre-
sowing irrigation.
 In southern part of the country where groundnut is sown is Rabi
season also, it should be sown in the month of November

Methods of sowing-
Thee methods of sowing followed in India can be broadly classified into three categories—
1. Seed drill=Bullock drawn or power drawn

2. Static or Automatic=Dropping the seed with hand in the furrow formed by the country plough.
3. Hand dibbling ( www.ikisan.com)

Spacing, Seed Rate And Method Of Sowing
 In bunch types, the row to row distance is kept 30-40 cm and in

spreading types 45-60 cm.
 . For this 80-100 kg of seeds per hectare would be enough for bunch
types and 60-80 kg for spreading types.
 Plant to plant distance would be 15 and 20 cm for bunch and spreading
types respectively.
 Sowing should be done about 5 cm deep behind the plough or with the
help of dibbler or seed planter. On a large scale seed planter should be
used.
 Spacing for Spanish bunh type is 30x10 or 30x15 cm and for Virginia
running type 45x15 cm.
MANURES AND FERTILIZERS
 Just like the other legumes, groundnut meets the major part of its
nitrogen requirement through the nitrogen fixation.
 However, an application 20-40 kg nitrogen per hectare as a starter dose
given to meet the Nitrogen requirement of the crop in the initial stage in
poor fertility soils.
 If FYM or compost is available 10-15 tonnes may be added per hectare
about 15-20 days before sowing.
 If Nitrogen is to be applied through fertilizers prefer ammonium
sulphate. It provides sulphur in addition to Nitrogen.

Cont..
 In the absence of soil test if would be advisable to apply about 50-60 kg P2O5 and about 30-40 kg
K2O per hectare to meet the requirement of the crop.
 The fertilizers should be placed at the time of sowing about 4-5 cm in the side of the seed and 4-5 cm
below the seed level.
 Apply gypsum at the rate of 125 kg per hectare.

Steps to increase productivity-
All the recommended practices for improving productivity can be brought under four groups:
1. Use of improved varieties

2. Adoption of improved seeding practices
3. Use of manures and fertilizers
 4. Effective control of pests (www.ikisan.com)

WATER MANAGEMENT
 Being a rainy season crop groundnut does not require irrigation. How-ever, if dry spell occurs,
irrigation may become necessary.
 One irrigation should be given at pod development stage. The field should be well drained. In the
southern part of country where groundnut is grown in Rabi season too, 3-4 irrigation are necessary.
 Give the first irrigation at the start of flowering and the subsequent irrigations whenever required
during the fruiting period to encourage peg penetration and pod development.
 The last irrigation before harvesting will facilitate the full recovery of pods from the soil.
 Groundnut crop requires on an average 400 to 450 mm depth of water.
To create stress which helps in synchronization of flowering. ❖ The
last irrigation is to be at 90 days after sowing. ❖ About 24-30 %
irrigation water can be saved due to use of sprinklers.(www.rarstpt.org)
WEED CONTROL AND EARTHING
 Normally one or two hand hoeing and weeding should be done,

depending upon soil type and extent of weed infestation.
 First hoeing should be done three weeks after sowing and the second,
three weeks thereafter before commencement of flowering.
 Weeds can also be controlled effectively by the application of nitrogen
(TOK-E-25) at the rate of 4 litres dissolved in 600 litres of water as pre-
emergence spray.
 Fluchloralin at the rate of 1 kg a.i. per hectare dissolved in 800-1000 L of
water can also be used as pre planting spray.
 The earthing up should be taken up simultaneously with inter cultural
operations. Basic idea of earthing up is promote easy penetration of pegs
in soils as also provide more area to spread.
DISEASES
Tikka
 This disease is caused by the two species of the Fungus, Cercospora i.e.,
C. personata and C. arachidicola. It spreads rapidly at a temp. above 22
degree celsius and when the relative humidity is higher. Small dark brown
circular spot appear on the leaves.
Control
 Grow some of the tolerant varieties like T-64, C-501, MH-4, TMV-6 and
TMV-10.
 Give 4 sprays of duter or Zineb or the rate of 2 kg in 1000 L of water/hac
at an interval of 7-10 days.

Aflatoxins-
•Aflatoxins are a group of toxins belonging to the genre of mycotoxins. Aflatoxins are
produced by fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. Parasiticus. Environment and cultural
practices can make groundnut seed prone to invasion by the Aspergillus group of fungi
and to subsequent contamination with aflatoxin before harvest, during post-harvest curing
and drying.
Control
 One strategy to reduce the entry of aflatoxin into the peanut chain is the use of chemical
treatments such as acetosyringone, syringaldehyde and sinapinic acid and ammonia
applications during post‐harvest to reduce both fungal growth and toxin production .

Rust
 This disease is caused by the fungus, Puccinia arachidis. The symptoms of the disease are
characterised by the development of red pustules on leaves. Usually more pustules are found on the
lower than on the upper surface.
Control
 Spray Zineb at the rate of 2kg in 1000 litres of water per hectare.
 Destroy by burning the diseased plant debris left over after harvesting.

Rosette
 This disease is caused by the virus transmitted through aphids. The plant affected by this disease look
stunted and present bushy appearance. There is a marked reduction in the size of the leaflet and
mottling becomes visible.
Control
 Rouge of the infected plant as soon as they appear in the field.
 To check the spread of disease, aphid should be killed by given a spray of Oxydemeton methyl 25
EC at the rate of 1 litre dissolved in 1000 L of water per hectare

Charcoal Rot
 This disease caused by soil-borne fungus, Marcophomina phaseoli. A red –brown water- soaked
lesion appears on stem just above the soil level. The lesion spreads upwards on the stem and down
into the roots and causes death of the plants.
Control
 Seed should be treated with thiram at the rate of 5 gm per kg of seed.
 Soil application of Brassicol at the rate of 10-15 kg/hac before sowing should be done.

Seed And Pre-emergence Rots
 Rhizopus sp., Penicillium sp. and aspergillus sp. are some of the common fungi causing this.
 Due to this patchy stand of the ground nut crop is usually seen.
Control
 Seed should be treated with thiram at the rate of 3g per kg seed.

Insect pests
Sucking Pests
Groundnut jassid /Leaf hopper
Stage and symptoms
The initial injury to groundnut appears on young leaves, veins become white. The affected leaves of
young plant wilt and in older plants wilting is rare.
Management
Intercropping of groundnut with lablab (4:1 ratio) generally reduces the number of jassids on groundnut.
 Among the wild species, A.glabrata, A.macedoi, A.villosa, A.stenosperma and A.batizocoi are found
to be highly resistant to jassids.

 Spraying any one of the following systemic insecticides controls the pest population.Monocrotophos
36 WSC – 750 ml/ha Phosphamidon 85 WSC – 375 ml/ha; Dimethoate

THE STUDY – 1000 ml/ha.
sapnacsauat@gmail.com
Groundnut Aphid
 It is a polyphagous pest and both adults and nymphs prefer to feed on young
shoots causing the leaves to curl due to desapping and subsequently the
growth of the plant is stunted. Flowers and pods are also affected . They
also transmit a virus disease known as rosette.
Control
 Spray the crop either with oxydemeton methyl (metasystox) 25EC at the
rate of 1ml per litre of water or monocrotophos (nuvacron) 36 SL at the rate
of 1ml per litre of water.

Bihar Hairy Caterpillar
 The caterpillars in their early stages feed gregariously on the lower

surface of the leaves and the attacked leaves look like dirty paper. When
grow on up, they disperse all over the field and devour the leaves and
top tender shoots. The badly affected crop is completely defoliated.
Control
 Collect the egg masses and destroy them.
 Spray Endosulfan35 EC or quinalphos 25 EC at the rate of 1ml per litre
of water.
White Grub
 With the first shower of rain in June the beetles emerge from soil and
live for a few days. These beetles feed voraciously on ber, guava, neem
and other shrubs. They lay egg in groundnut field. White grubs live in
soil and remain active form July-September. The grubs feed on the
functional root of the plant, leaving behind only tap root.
Control
 Treat the seed before sowing with 12.5 ml chloropyriphos per kg
kernels. Mix it properly and allow to dry. The seed can further be
treated with fungicides like thiram.

Termites
 The feed on the root of the ground nut crop the result that the plants wither. The attack continues on
pods. This weakens the shells and make them liable to shatter or crack during harvest.
Control
 Mix 5% malathion dust at the rate of 25 kg per hectare in the soil at the time of last harrowing.

Groundnut leaf Miner
 The adults are small dark brown moth with a pale white dot on the front
margin of the forewing. These moths lay minute egg on tender shoot.
The dark headed greenish to brown larvae mine into tender leaves
which look like blister mine.
Control
 Spray the crop either with oxydemeton methyl (metasystox) 25 EC at
the rate of 1ml per litre of water or monocrotophas (nuvacron) 36SL at
the rate of 1ml per litre of water.

Thrips
 The adults as well as nymphs rasp the upper surface of the developing leaflets and suck the sap from
them. As a result the leaflets present a scarred or dried up appearance. In case of severe infestation
the plants look malformed and stunted.
Control
 Spray the crop with oxydemeton methyl 25 EC at the rate of 1ml per litre of water or monocrotophos
36 SL @1ml per litre of water.
HARVESTING AND THRESHING
 It is necessary to dig the pods at the right time for obtaining higher yield of
pods and oils.
 Nut takes two months to attain full development. A fully mature pod will be
difficult to split easily with finger pressure. This stage is achieved when vine
beings to turn yellow and leaves start shedding.
 Harvesting should be done when good percentage of nuts are fully
developed and fairly intact. In case of bunch type of groundnut, the plants
are harvested by pulling.
 Harvesting of spreading type of ground nut is done by spade, local plough or
with the help of blade harrow or groundnut digger. Leave the harvested crop
in small heaps for two three days for curing . After curing, collect the crop at
one place and detach the pods either by hand or using groundnut plucker for
separating the pods from the plants.
YIELD
 By adopting the above mentioned agronomical practices, it will be

possible to obtain about 15-20 quintals of pods per hectare from bunch
type varieties and 20-30 quintals per hectare from spreading type
varieties.


Major crop improvement Research stations
 1).Directorate of Groundnut Research (DGR, Junagadh, Gujarat:
 2) International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics

(ICRISAT), Patancheru(Hyderabad)
 3).All India Coordinated Research Project on Groundnut (AICRP-G)
 4).Bhaba Atomic Research Centre, Trombay(Mumbai)

REFERENCES
 Modern techniques of raising field crops

 Chhidda Singh
 Prem Singh
 Rajbir Singh
 Field crop production

 Rajendra Prasad
 www.iopepc.org
 Pdf by = A.L. Rathnakumar
Principal Scientist (Plant Breeding)

Directorate of Groundnut Research (ICAR)
Junagadh, Gujarat
Communication Series
Shiv Singh Yadav Havenly Miss. Sapna

Study – Banda University Of Agriculture and technology Study- CSAUAT , Kanpur
Bnada,


Groundnut

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Groundnut

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GROUNDNUT

 B.N. - Arachis hypogaea L.

 Family – Leguminosae (Fabaceae)

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

 Groundnuts appear to have originated in Brazil in South America.

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

India 8.5 1 China 18.7 1 China 3.674,1 1

China 5 2 India 6.8 2 India 1.182,2 2

TOTAL Area Production Productivity

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

STATES ACREAGE SHARE (%) PRODUCTI SHARE (%) YIELD

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

Classification according to Waldron

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

•Although peanuts come in many varieties, there are

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

 M.P. Jyoti, JL-24

 Although groundnut is a deep rooted crop but looking to its

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

1. Broad Bed and Furrow System (BBF)

Selection and treatment of seed

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

1. Seed drill=Bullock drawn or power drawn

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

 In bunch types, the row to row distance is kept 30-40 cm and in

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

1. Use of improved varieties

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

 Normally one or two hand hoeing and weeding should be done,

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

to be highly resistant to jassids.

36 WSC – 750 ml/ha Phosphamidon 85 WSC – 375 ml/ha; Dimethoate

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

 The caterpillars in their early stages feed gregariously on the lower

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

 By adopting the above mentioned agronomical practices, it will be

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

 2) International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics

 3).All India Coordinated Research Project on Groundnut (AICRP-G)

 4).Bhaba Atomic Research Centre, Trombay(Mumbai)

 Modern techniques of raising field crops

 Field crop production

Principal Scientist (Plant Breeding)

Shiv Singh Yadav Havenly Miss. Sapna

THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com

You might also like