BIOLOGY

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

TOPIC : Herbarium Sheets

NAME : AKASH MAJHI

CLASS : XII
SECTION : A
ROLL NO. : 04
BOARD ROLL NO. :

HEM SHEELA MODEL

SCHOOL

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
AISSCE – 2018-19

Name: AKASH MAJHI

CLASS: XII
SECTION: A
BOARD ROLL NO. :

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project
work entitled,” Preparation of
Herbarium”, carried out by Akash
Majhi of Class XII A(Science) on
Biology during the academic
session 2018-19 is a original work
as per the rules & regulations and
guidelines issued by the Central
Board of Secondary Education.

1)......................... .........................
2)......................... INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINOR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to
my biology teacher, Mrs Paromita Roy for her
vital support, courage and encouragement-
without which the project has not come forth. I
would also like to express my gratitude to the
principal of my institution, Mrs. Anindita Home
Choudhury,H.O.D.(Bio)Mrs.Meghola Das and
also my Biology laboratory assistant, Mr.
Amalesh Manna and Mr. Argha Mallick. I can’t
forget to offer my sincere thanks to my
classmates who helped me to carry out this
project work successfully & for their valuable
advice & support, which I received from them
time to time.
-AKASH MAJHI
CLASS XII A(SCIENCE)
 INDEX
TOPIC Page no.
 Aim:-
1
 Materials Required:-
1
 Introduction
2
 Procedure:-
3
 Uses of Herbarium Sheets:-
4
 Brief description about plant
specimens:- 5-15
 Conclusion:-
16
 Bibliography:-
17
 AIM
The aim of this project is to create
herbarium sheets of different plants
along with their taxonomical
hierarchy,description and economic
importance.

Materials Required
 Samples of various leaves.
 Old newspapers.
 Herbarium sheet.
 Gum.
 INTRODUCTION
A herbarium (plural: herbaria) is a collection of
preserved plant specimens and associated
data used for scientific study. The term can
also refer to the building or room where the
specimens are housed, or to the scientific
institute that not only stores but uses them for
research. The specimens may be whole plants
or plant parts; these will usually be in dried
form mounted on a sheet of paper but,
depending upon the material, may also be
stored in boxes or kept in alcohol or other
preservative. The specimens in a herbarium
are often used as reference material in
describing plant taxa. The same term is often
used in mycology to describe an equivalent
collection of preserved fungi, otherwise known
as a fungarium. A xylarium is a herbarium
specialising in specimens of wood. The term
hortorium (as in the Liberty Hyde Bailey
Hortorium) has occasionally been applied to a
herbarium specialising in preserving material
of horticultural origin. 
 PROCEDURE
To prepare a perfect herbarium sheet
one needs to follow some specific
processes to complete this
successfully.
 First, Collection of Plant specimen.
 Second, Drying of Plant specimen.
 Third, Pressing of dried plant
specimen into herbariujm sheet.
 Fourth, Mounting of the dried plant
specimen into the herbarium sheet.
 Fifth, Sticking the dried specimen
into the herbarium sheet.
 Sixth, labelling of the plant part
along with its classification.
 Seventh, Ultimately the herbarium
sheet is completed for deposition.
Uses of herbarium
sheet
 Herbarium collections can have great
significance and value to science, and have a
large number of uses. Herbaria are essential
for the study of plant taxonomy, the study of
geographic distributions, and the stabilizing of
nomenclature. Specimens housed in herbaria
may be used to catalogue or identify the flora
of an area. A large collection from a single
area is used in writing a field guide or manual
to aid in the identification of plants that grow
there. With more specimens available, the
author of the guide will better understand the
variability of form in the plants and the natural
distribution over which the plants grow. In
some cases, plants become extinct in one
area or may become extinct altogether. In
such cases, specimens preserved in an
herbarium can represent the only record of the
plant's original distribution. Herbaria have also
proven very useful as sources of plant DNA for
use in taxonomy and molecular systematics.
BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS ABOUT
PLANT SPECIMENS
1.COTTON

Introduction
Gossypium is a genus of flowering plants in the
tribe Gossypieae of the mallow family, Malvaceae from
which cotton is harvested. It is native to tropical and subtropical
regions of the Old and New Worlds. There are about
50 Gossypium species,[2] making it the largest genus in the tribe
Gossypieae and new species continue to be discovered.[2] The
name of the genus is derived from the Arabic word goz, which
refers to a soft substance.[3]
Importance
Cotton is the primary natural fibre used by modern humans.
Where cotton is cultivated it is a major oilseed crop and a main
protein source for animal feed. Cotton is thus of great
importance for agriculture, industry and trade, especially for
tropical and subtropical countries in Africa, South America and
Asia. Consequently, the genus Gossypium has long attracted
the attention of scientists.
2.CURRY PLANT

Introduction
The curry tree (Murraya koenigii) is a tropical to sub-
tropical tree in the family Rutaceae (the rue family, which
includes rue, citrus, and satinwood), which is native
to India and Sri Lanka.
Its leaves are used in many dishes in India, Sri Lanka, and
neighbouring countries. Often used in curries, the leaves are
generally called by the name 'curry leaves', although they are
also literally 'sweet neem leaves' in most Indian languages (as
opposed to ordinary neem leaves which are very bitter and in
the family Meliaceae, not Rutaceae).
Importance
The leaves are valued as seasoning in southern and west-
coast Indian cooking, and Sri Lankan cooking, usually fried
along with chopped onion in the first stage of the preparation.
They are also used to make thoran, vada, rasam and kadhi.
They are also available dried, though the aroma is largely
inferior.
The leaves of Murraya koenigii are also used as
an herb in Ayurvedic medicine in which they are believed to
possess anti-diabetic properties,[3] but there is no high-quality
scientific evidence for such effects. In the absence
of tulsi leaves, curry leaves are used for rituals, such as pujas.
3.SAL PLANT
Introduction

Shorea robusta, also known as śāl, sakhua or shala tree, is a

species of tree belonging to the Dipterocarpaceae family. Sal is
moderate to slow growing, and can attain heights of 30 to 35 m
and a trunk diameter of up to 2-2.5 m. The leaves are 10–
25 cm long and 5–15 cm broad. In wetter areas, Sal
is evergreen; in drier areas, it is dry-season deciduous,
shedding most of the leaves in between February to April,
leafing out again in April and May.

Importance
Sal is one of the most important sources of hardwood timber in
India, with hard, coarse-grained wood that is light in colour
when freshly cut, but becomes dark brown with exposure. The
wood is resinous and durable, and is sought-after for
construction, although not well suited to planing and polishing.
The wood is especially suitable for constructing frames for
doors and windows.
The dry leaves of sal are a major source for the production of
leaf plates called as patravali and leaf bowls in northern and
eastern India. The leaves are also used fresh to serve ready
made paan (betelnut preparations) and small snacks such as
boiled black  grams, gol gappa, etc. The used leaves/plates are
readily eaten by goats and cattle that roam the streets freely.
The tree has therefore protected northern India from a flood of
styrofoam and plastic plates that would have caused
tremendous pollution.

4.JUTE PLANT
Introduction

Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fiber that can be spun into

coarse, strong threads. It is produced primarily from plants in
the genus Corchorus, which was once classified with the
family Tiliaceae, and more recently with Malvaceae. The
primary source of the fiber is Corchorus olitorius, but it is
considered inferior to Corchorus capsularis.[1] "Jute" is the name
of the plant or fiber that is used to make burlap, hessian or
gunny cloth.

Importance
Making twine, rope, and matting are among its uses.
In combination with sugar, the possibility of using jute to build
aeroplane panels has been considered. [12]
Jute is in great demand due to its cheapness, softness, length,
lustre and uniformity of its fiber. It is called the 'brown paper
bag' as it is also used to store rice, wheat, grains, etc. It is also
called the 'golden fiber' due to its versatile nature.
Jute matting is used to prevent flood erosion while natural
vegetation becomes established. For this purpose, a natural
and biodegradable fiber is essential.
Jute is the second most important vegetable fiber after cotton
due to its versatility.[13] Jute is used chiefly to make cloth for
wrapping bales of raw cotton, and to make sacks and coarse
cloth. The fibers are also woven
into curtains, chair coverings, carpets, area rugs, hessian cloth,
and backing for linoleum.
While jute is being replaced by synthetic materials in many of
these uses,[citation needed] some uses take advantage of
jute's biodegradable nature, where synthetics would be
unsuitable. Examples of such uses include containers for
planting young trees, which can be planted directly with the
container without disturbing the roots, and land restoration
where jute cloth prevents erosion occurring while natural
vegetation becomes established.

5.MANGO PLANT
Introduction
Mangifera indica or mangoes are juicy stone fruit from
numerous species of tropical trees belonging to the flowering
plant genus Mangifera, cultivated mostly for their edible fruit.
Mango trees grow to 35–40 m (115–131 ft) tall, with a crown
radius of 10 m (33 ft). The leaves are evergreen, alternate,
simple, 15–35 cm (5.9–13.8 in) long, and 6–16 cm (2.4–6.3 in)
broad. The fruit takes three to six months to ripen.

Importance
Dried mango skin and its seeds are used in Ayurvedic
medicines. Mango peel pigments under study include
carotenoids, such as the provitamin A compound, beta-
carotene, lutein and alpha-carotene. The energy value per 100
g (3.5 oz) serving of the common mango is 250 kJ (60 kcal).
So, it is very much important for the human beings to consume
this food.

6.EUCALYPTUS PLANT
Introduction

Eucalyptus /ˌjuːkəˈlɪptəs/[2] L'Héritier 1789[3] (plural eucalypti,

eucalyptuses or eucalypts) is a
diverse genus of flowering trees and shrubs (including a distinct
group with a multiple-stem mallee growth habit) in
the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. Members of the genus dominate
the tree flora of Australia, and include Eucalyptus regnans, the
tallest known flowering plant on Earth.[4] Australia is covered by
92,000,000 hectares (227,336,951 acres) of eucalypt forest,
comprising three quarters of the area covered by native forest.[5]

Importance
 Eucalyptus oil finds many uses like in fuels, fragrances, insect
repellance and antimicrobial activity. Eucalyptus trees
show allelopathic effects; they release compounds which inhibit
other plant species from growing nearby. fast-growing sources
of wood, producing oil that can be used for cleaning and as a
natural insecticide, or an ability to be used to drain swamps

7.NEEM PLANT

Introduction
Azadirachta indica, commonly known
as neem, nimtree or Indian lilac,[2] is a tree in
the mahogany family Meliaceae. It is one of two species in the
genus Azadirachta, and is native to the Indian subcontinent,
i.e. India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
and Maldives. It is typically grown in tropical and semi-tropical
regions. Neem trees also grow in islands located in the
southern part of Iran. Its fruits and seeds are the source
of neem oil.

Importance
Products made from neem trees have been used in India for
over two millennia for their medicinal properties.[9] Neem
products are believed by Siddha and Ayurvedicpractitioners to
be anthelmintic, antifungal, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiviral, 
contraceptive, and sedative. Neem leaves are dried in India
and placed in cupboards to prevent insects eating the clothes,
and also in tins where rice is stored.[9] Neem leaves are dried
and burnt in the tropical regions to keep away mosquitoes.

8.TULSI PLANT

Introduction
Ocimum tenuiflorum (synonym Ocimum sanctum),
commonly known as holy basil, tulasi (sometimes
spelled thulasi) or tulsi, is an aromatic perennial plant in the
family Lamiaceae. It is native to the Indian subcontinent and
widespread as a cultivated plant throughout the Southeast
Asian tropics.[2][3]
Tulasi is cultivated for religious and traditional
medicine purposes, and for its essential oil. It is widely used as
a herbal tea, commonly used in Ayurveda, and has a place
within the Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism, in which devotees
perform worship involving holy basil plants or leaves.
Importance
Tulsi leaves are an essential part in the worship of Vishnu and
his avatars, including Krishna and Rama, and other
male Vaishnavadeities such
as Hanuman, Balarama, Garuda and many others. Tulsi is a
sacred plant for Hindus and is worshipped as the avatar
of Lakshmi. Tulasi (Sanskrit:-Surasa) has been used
in Ayurveda for its supposed treatment of diseases.
[16]
 Traditionally, tulasi is taken as herbal tea, dried powder,
fresh leaf or mixed with ghee.

9. Green chiretta

Introduction
Andrographis paniculata is an annual herbaceous plant in the
family Acanthaceae, native to India and Sri Lanka.
It is widely cultivated in Southern and Southeastern Asia, where
it has been traditionally used to treat infections and some
diseases. Mostly the leaves and roots were used for medicinal
purposes. As an Ayurveda herb it is known
as Kalmegh or Kalamegha, meaning "dark cloud".
Importance
A. paniculata has been used in Siddha and Ayurvedic
medicine,[5] and is promoted as a dietary supplement for cancer
prevention and cure. The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer
Center has stated that there is no evidence that it helps prevent
or cure cancer.[6] Other uses of A. paniculata are linked to its
antibacterial and antioxidant properties, largely derived from the
one of the active phytochemicals andrographolide.[7] Research
shows andrographolide is also anti-inflammatory and modifies
the toll-like receptor (TLR) TRIF-dependent pathway which is
part of the body's innate immune response to bacterial and viral
infection, and it also suppresses NF-κB activation and COX-2
molecules as further illustration of its anti-inflammatory
potential.[8]

10.MINT PLANT

Introduction
Mentha (also known as mint, from Greek míntha,[2] Linear
B mi-ta)[3] is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae (mint
family).[4] It is estimated that 13 to 18 species exist, and the
exact distinction between species is still unclear.
[5]
 Hybridization between some of the species occurs naturally.
Many other hybrids, as well as numerous cultivars, are known.
Mints are aromatic, almost exclusively perennial herbs. 

Importance
The leaf, fresh or dried, is the culinary source of mint. Fresh
mint is usually preferred over dried mint when storage of the
mint is not a problem. The leaves have a warm, fresh, aromatic,
sweet flavor with a cool aftertaste, and are used in teas,
beverages, jellies, syrups, candies, and ice creams.
Mint was originally used as a medicinal herb to treat stomach
ache and chest pains.[18] There are several uses in traditional
medicine[19] and preliminary research for possible use in
treating irritable bowel syndrome.[18]
Menthol from mint essential oil (40–90%) is an ingredient of
many cosmetics and some perfumes. Menthol and mint
essential oil are also used in aromatherapy which may have
clinical use to alleviate post-surgery nausea.
 CONCLUSION
From this project, I have concluded
everything about what a project
originally means and what are the
purpose for doing a project. A
Herbarium is prepared to show some
specified plant specimens in future.
But all of us didn’t know what is some
other uses of Herbarium. Besides that,
after doing this project, now I am able
to know about the classifications,
distributions, habitat, uses of the plants
of which I have prepared my
Herbarium sheet. I will be very much
happy, if our teacher would assign us
such project in future also
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Google.co.in
NCERT class XII BIOLOGY
textbook
Wikipedia-the free encyclopedia