The Muscular System

Pictures
 Epimysium

Bone Epimysium Perimysium

Tendon Endomysium

Muscle fiber
in middle of
a fascicle
(b) Blood vessel
Fascicle
(wrapped by perimysium)
Endomysium
(between individual
muscle fibers)

Perimysium Fascicle Muscle fiber

(a)
Part of a skeletal
muscle fiber (cell) I band A band I band
Z line H zone Z line
Myofibril M line

Sarcolemma
Triad:
• T tubule
• Terminal
Sarcolemma cisternae
of the SR (2)
Tubules of
the SR
Myofibrils
Mitochondria
 Myofibrils

Sarcolemma
Nucleus

Mitochondrion

Myofibril
Dark A band Light I band
Features of a Sarcomere
Thin (actin)
filament Z line H zone Z line

Thick (myosin) I band A band I band M line

filament Sarcomere

Sarcomere
Z line M line Z line
Thin (actin)
filament
Elastic
(titin)
filaments
Thick
(myosin)
filament
 Longitudinal section of filaments
within one sarcomere of a myofibril

Thick filament
Thin filament
In the center of the sarcomere, the thick
filaments lack myosin heads. Myosin heads
are present only in areas of myosin-actin overlap.
Thick filament Thin filament
Each thick filament consists of many A thin filament consists of two strands
myosin molecules whose heads protrude of actin subunits twisted into a helix
at opposite ends of the filament. plus two types of regulatory proteins
(troponin and tropomyosin).
Portion of a thick filament
Myosin head Portion of a thin filament
Tropomyosin Troponin Actin

Actin-binding sites
Heads Tail Active sites
ATP- Actin for myosin
binding Flexible hinge region subunits attachment
site
Myosin molecule Actin subunits
 Z H Z
I A I
1 Fully relaxed sarcomere of a muscle fiber

Z Z
I A I
2 Fully contracted sarcomere of a muscle fiber
 Thin filament
Actin Ca 2+

ADP
Myosin Pi
cross bridge

Thick
filament
Myosin
1 Cross bridge formation.

ADP
ADP
Pi ATP Pi
hydrolysis

4 Cocking of myosin head. 2 The power (working)

stroke.

ATP

ATP

3 Cross bridge
detachment.
Actin Ca2+ Thin filament

ADP
Myosin
Pi
cross bridge
Thick filament

Myosin

1 Cross bridge formation.

 ADP
Pi

2 The power (working) stroke.

 ATP

3 Cross bridge detachment.

 ADP
Pi ATP
hydrolysis

4 Cocking of myosin head.

 Thin filament
Actin Ca 2+

ADP
Myosin Pi
cross bridge

Thick
filament
Myosin
1 Cross bridge formation.

ADP
ADP
Pi ATP Pi
hydrolysis

4 Cocking of myosin head. 2 The power (working)

stroke.

ATP

ATP

3 Cross bridge
detachment.
 Latent Period of Period of
period contraction relaxation

Single
stimulus

Myogram showing the three phases of an isometric twitch

 Direct phosphorylation
Coupled reaction of creatine
phosphate (CP) and ADP

Energy source: CP

CP ADP

Creatine
kinase

Creatine ATP

Oxygen use: None

Products: 1 ATP per CP, creatine
Duration of energy provision:
15 seconds
 Head Facial
Temporalis Epicranius, frontal belly
Orbicularis oculi
Masseter
Zygomaticus
Shoulder Orbicularis oris
Trapezius
Neck
Deltoid Sternohyoid
Arm Platysma
Triceps brachii Sternocleidomastoid
Biceps brachii
Brachialis Thorax
Pectoralis minor
Forearm Serratus anterior
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis Pectoralis major
Intercostals
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus Abdomen
Pelvis/thigh Rectus abdominis
Iliopsoas Internal oblique
Pectineus Transversus abdominis
External oblique
Thigh
Rectus femoris Thigh
Vastus lateralis Tensor fasciae latae
Vastus medialis Sartorius
Adductor longus
Leg Gracilis
Fibularis longus
Extensor digitorum longus Leg
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis anterior
Soleus
 Neck
Epicranius, occipital belly
Sternocleidomastoid
Arm Trapezius
Triceps brachii
Brachialis Shoulder
Deltoid
Forearm Infraspinatus
Brachioradialis Teres major
Extensor carpi Rhomboid major
radialis longus
Latissimus dorsi
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi Hip
Gluteus medius
ulnaris
Gluteus maximus
Extensor digitorum
Iliotibial tract
Thigh
Adductor magnus
Hamstrings:
Leg Biceps femoris
Gastrocnemius Semitendinosus
Soleus Semimembranosus
Fibularis longus
Calcaneal
(Achilles) tendon
 Epicranius

Galea
aponeurotica
Corrugator
supercilii Frontal belly

Orbicularis oculi Occipital

Levator labii belly
superioris
Zygomaticus Temporalis
minor and major
Buccinator Masseter
Risorius Sternocleidomastoid
Orbicularis oris Trapezius
Mentalis
Splenius capitis
Depressor labii
inferioris
Depressor anguli oris
Platysma
Tongue Styloid process
Styloglossus
Genioglossus Hyoglossus
Mandibular Stylohyoid
symphysis Hyoid bone
Geniohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Thyroid cartilage
Median raphe

Anterior Mylohyoid
Digastric belly Stylohyoid
Posterior Hyoid bone
belly
Omohyoid
Stylohyoid (cut) (superior belly)
Thyrohyoid
Sternohyoid
Thyroid cartilage
of the larynx Sternocleido-
Thyroid gland mastoid
Sternothyroid Omohyoid
(inferior belly)
 Ligamentum
Mastoid process nuchae
of temporal bone
Semispinalis
Longissimus capitis capitis

Iliocostalis cervicis Semispinalis

cervicis
Longissimus cervicis

Semispinalis
Iliocostalis thoracis thoracis

Longissimus thoracis
Spinalis thoracis
Iliocostalis
Erector Longissimus
spinae
Spinalis
Multifidus
Iliocostalis lumborum Quadratus
lumborum
External oblique
External
intercostal

Internal
intercostal
 Xiphoid process of sternum
Foramen for inferior
vena cava Foramen for
esophagus
Costal cartilage
Central
tendon of
diaphragm
Diaphragm

Foramen
for aorta
Lumbar
vertebra

12th rib Quadratus

lumborum
Psoas major
 Pectoralis major
Serratus anterior
Linea alba

Tendinous
Transversus abdominis intersection
Internal oblique Rectus
abdominis
External oblique

Aponeurosis of the Inguinal ligament

external oblique (formed by free
inferior border of
the external oblique
aponeurosis)
 Rectus
abdominis

External Internal
oblique oblique
Lumbar
IIiac crest fascia
Pubic
tubercle

Transversus Lumbar
abdominis fascia

Inguinal
ligament
Sternocleido- Subclavius
mastoid Clavicle

Subscapularis
Deltoid
Pectoralis minor
Pectoralis
major Coracobrachialis
Sternum
Serratus anterior
Biceps brachii Humerus
 Levator
scapulae
Trapezius Supraspinatus
Clavicle
Deltoid Spine of
Rhomboid scapula
minor Infraspinatus
Rhomboid Teres minor
major Teres major

Humerus

Latissimus
dorsi
Superficial transverse
ligament of palm
Palmar aponeurosis

Flexor retinaculum
Pronator quadratus
Flexor digitorum
superficialis Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Palmaris longus Extensor carpi radialis longus
Flexor carpi radialis Brachioradialis
Medial epicondyle Pronator teres
of humerus Tendon of biceps brachii
Medial head of
triceps brachii Biceps brachii
 Tendon of flexor digitorum
Tendon of flexor superficialis (cut)
digitorum profundus Lumbricals
Tendon of flexor
pollicis longus
Thenar muscles of thumb
Tendon of flexor
carpi ulnaris (cut) Pronator quadratus

Flexor pollicis longus

Flexor digitorum
profundus
Supinator
Extensor
expansion
Tendons of
extensor
digitorum Tendons of extensor carpi
Extensor pollicis radialis brevis and longus
longus Extensor indicis
Extensor pollicis Extensor digiti
brevis minimi
Abductor Extensor carpi
pollicis longus ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Flexor carpi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
radialis brevis Anconeus
Extensor carpi Insertion of
radialis longus triceps brachii
Brachioradialis
 12th rib 12th thoracic vertebra
Quadratus lumborum
Psoas minor
Iliac crest
Psoas major
Iliopsoas
Iliacus 5th lumbar vertebra
Anterior superior iliac spine
Tensor fasciae latae
Pectineus

Sartorius Adductor longus

Gracilis
Quadriceps femoris
Adductor magnus
• Rectus femoris
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus medialis
Tendon of quadriceps femoris

Patella
Patellar ligament
Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus

Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Iliotibial tract

Long head Biceps

Short head femoris
Hamstrings
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
 Patella
Head of fibula
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Fibularis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius
Fibularis brevis Superior and inferior extensor
Flexor hallucis longus retinacula
Extensor hallucis brevis
Fibular retinaculum Extensor digitorum brevis
Lateral malleolus

5th metatarsal
 Plantaris (cut)
Gastrocnemius
lateral head (cut)
Gastrocnemius Popliteus
medial head (cut) Soleus (cut)
Tibialis posterior
Fibula
Fibularis longus
Flexor digitorum
longus Flexor hallucis longus

Tendon of tibialis Fibularis brevis

posterior
Medial malleolus
Calcaneal tendon (cut)
Calcaneus