04 GDT

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
GEOMETRICAL
DIMENSIONING &
TOLERANCING
General Tolerance
1
Tolerance
Tolerance is the total amount by which a
specified dimension is allowed to vary.
One way to specify the tolerance is to
show the plus and minus tolerance value
next to the nominal dimension. This is
called conventional tolerance.
Conventional Tolerance
Two way of conventional tolerances specified in the
drawing:-
- Bilateral Tolerance (the actual dimension can be

either larger or smaller than the dimension shown
in the drawing).
- Unilateral Tolerance (the dimension of the part

can only be allowed to vary in one direction).
Conventional Tolerance
Equal Bilateral
10.0 ± 0.3 Tolerance
10.0 + 0.3 Unilateral Tolerance

- 0.0
Maximum Material Condition (MMC)
The maximum material condition

(MMC) of a part dimension is the
condition where the dimension is
either at the upper or lower
tolerance limit and the part contains
the most amount of material.
MMC - Outside Dimension
For an outside part dimension, the

MMC is at the upper limit of the
tolerance zone. This condition
creates the most amount of
material of the part.
MMC – Outside/External Dimension

MMC - Internal Dimension
• For an internal dimension (e.g hole), the

MMC is located in the opposite direction,
at the lower limit of the tolerance zone.
• In this case, the smaller the hole the more
material the part contains. Tolerance
specifications often refer to the MMC
when parts fit into an assembly.
MMC - Internal Dimension

Least Material Condition (LMC)
• The LMC of a part dimension is the

condition where the dimensions is
either at the upper or lower
tolerance limit and the part contains
the least amount of material.
• The LMC is exactly the opposite of
MMC.
LMC – External Dimension

The LMC for an external dimension is
the lower limit of the tolerance zone
where the LMC is created.
LMC – Internal Dimension

The LMC for an internal dimension (e.g hole), is
located at the upper limit of the tolerance. The LMC
is often used as part of the tolerance specification
when parts are used in assemblies.
Tolerance Note
Often used where the tolerances of

more than one dimension are not
critical but still need to have some
minimum tolerance.
e.g :
TOLERANCE NOTE
Unless specified all tolerances
.XX ± 0.02cm and .XXX ± 0.05cm
Tolerance Note
GEOMETRICAL
DIMENSIONING &
TOLERANCING
Assembly Tolerances
Assembly Tolerances
• Making parts fit together in an assembly is
one of the major challenges in
manufacturing. It is the primary reason why
the tolerances of certain dimensions on
parts are very important.
• The assembly of parts requires that you

consider the tolerances of all parts in the
assembly at the same time. Parts have to be
designed to fit together when they are at the
limits of their tolerance zones.
Assembly Tolerances
Two primary types of fits for mating

parts are :-
1. Running/ Sliding/ Clearance Fit.

2. Force/ Interference/ Shrink Fit.
Running/ Sliding/ Clearance Fit

Is a type of fit where the dimension of one part is always
smaller than the dimension of the mating part, no matter
what the parts’ dimension are as long as they are within
their tolerances.
When the shaft is at its maximum size(10.53) and the flange’s hole
is at its smallest (10.56), there is still a difference in size of 0.03mm.
Running/ Sliding/ Clearance Fit

The minimum difference in size between
the two parts is called the allowance. It
occurs when both parts are at their
MMC.
Allowance =
MMC Hole - MMC Shaft
(Smallest Hole – Largest Shaft)
The maximum difference between the

two mating dimensions is called the
clearance. It occurs when both parts are
at their LMC.
Clearance =
LMC Hole – LMC Shaft
(Largest Hole – Smallest Shaft)
Force/ Interference/ Shrink Fit

Is where the two parts manufactured at any size within their
tolerances must be forced together in order to fit. For a
shaft and hole, a force fit is one where the shaft is always
larger than the hole.
Two parts interfere with each other even when the shaft is at its smallest
(10.47) and the hole is at its largest (10.45). The interference is 0.02mm.
Force/ Interference/ Shrink Fit
Minimum Interference =
LMC Shaft – LMC Hole
(Smallest Shaft – Largest Hole)
Maximum Interference =
MMC Shaft – MMC Hole
(Largest Shaft – Smallest Hole)
Baseline Dimensioning
Is a dimensioning techniques where dimensions are
referenced from a common point. Another term for
baseline dimensioning is datum dimensioning. A datum
is a zero or reference point.
Chain Dimensioning
Is the other way to dimension a part is to refer each dimension
from the leader line of the previous dimension. The problem in
chain dimension is that it creates an error called tolerance build
up where the overall dimension will have a tolerance that is
actually the sum of all tolerances for each dimension.
Feature
The term feature refers to a physical portion

of a part. Examples include :
- the surface of a table
- the pins on an electrical connector
- the holes on an electrical outlet on the wall
where the connector fits
- a groove or slot on a mold.
Feature of Size
A feature of size is any feature that has a
dimension associated with it.
Examples:
-Length
-Width
-Height
-Diameter
-Hole size etc.
Tolerance for Features & Features of Size

• The types of tolerances that you studied
earlier is only applied to features of size.
• The types of tolerance method that will

allow us to apply tolerances for both
features and features of size is GD&T.
• GD&T is an important tools for making

sure that parts will fit together during
assembly.
GEOMETRICAL
DIMENSIONING &
TOLERANCING
Fundamentals of GD&T
GD&T
• For some products, manufacturing them by
controlling the tolerances of parts dimension
produces good parts that work well for their intended
applications.
• However, for many other products, there are
additional features that must be controlled in order to
make the product works well.
• The shaft still meets the diameter
tolerance at any point along its length. But
what if the shaft is bent? The shaft will not
fit inside the hole.
• This shows that controlling other features
of a part during manufacturing process
can be important, in addition to just length
or width.
GD&T
• The straightness of the shaft is called a
geometric feature. It is one of many
geometric features that is used by industry
to describe the shapes of parts.
• The geometric features and their tolerances
are communicated on technical drawings
using a well-defined symbol and notation
system called geometric dimensioning and
tolerancing (GD&T)
GD&T Symbol System
The GD&T symbol system is the standard

that is used in the United States and other
countries. It was originally published as a
military standard and now is defined in the
U.S by a document titled ANSI Y14.5M.
ANSI stands for the American National
Standards Institute.
Types of Geometric Features

There are many geometric features that can be
identified and shown with a tolerance on a part
drawing. These features are included in one of five
types or groups.
1.Form
2.Profile
3.Orientation
4.Location
5.Run-Out
Form Feature
A form feature includes measurement

of the shape of plane or circular type
surface of a part.
e.g: straightness of a shaft or
flatness of a surface
Profile Feature
• A profile feature describes the form and

orientation of the outline of an object or
a portion of an object.
• An example of a profile feature would
be the outside shape of an aircraft wing
section or the outer edge of a printed
circuit board.
Orientation Feature
Orientation features describe how two

features are positioned with respect to
each other.
e.g : parallelism, perpendicularity and
angularity.
Location Feature
The location identifies where a

feature is positioned with respect to
a reference point on the part or with
respect to another feature.
e.g: locating hole positions
Run-out
• Run-out is all-in-one measurement that is used
to measure the total error of the surface of a
cylindrical part.
• Run-out can be measured by rotating the part in
a lathe chuck and measuring with an indicator
how the distance of the points along the outside
surface of a cylinder vary from the center axis.
• This measurement picks up errors due to
straightness, cylindricity, concentricity and
others.
Run-out
GD&T Symbols
GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING &

TOLERANCING
Datum and Datum Feature
Datum Reference & Its Symbol
Datum Feature Symbol on a Drawing
38
39
40
41
42
GD&T – Datum Feature & Symbol
Most drawings will have a number of datum features. To

distinguish between them, each datum uses a different letter
43
(e.g A,B,C….)
GD&T – Datum Feature & Symbol
If the datum feature is a feature of size, the datum feature symbol

is shown above or below the dimension, as shown by datum C.
44
This means that the center line of the slot is the datum.
Feature Control Frames

• Tolerance for Geometric Feature is
identified on a drawing using symbols
and notes. To tie these together in an
easy-to-read format, a feature control
frame is used.
• Divided into compartments which each

tells you a different piece of information
about the tolerance
45
Example :
Surface
features
46
Example :
Feature of size
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Q&A
54

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

- Bilateral Tolerance (the actual dimension can be

- Unilateral Tolerance (the dimension of the part

10.0 + 0.3 Unilateral Tolerance

Maximum Material Condition (MMC)

The maximum material condition

MMC - Outside Dimension

For an outside part dimension, the

MMC – Outside/External Dimension

MMC - Internal Dimension

• For an internal dimension (e.g hole), the

MMC - Internal Dimension

Least Material Condition (LMC)

• The LMC of a part dimension is the

LMC – External Dimension

LMC – Internal Dimension

Often used where the tolerances of

• The assembly of parts requires that you

Two primary types of fits for mating

1. Running/ Sliding/ Clearance Fit.

Running/ Sliding/ Clearance Fit

Running/ Sliding/ Clearance Fit

The maximum difference between the

Force/ Interference/ Shrink Fit

Force/ Interference/ Shrink Fit

The term feature refers to a physical portion

Tolerance for Features & Features of Size

• The types of tolerance method that will

• GD&T is an important tools for making

GD&T Symbol System

The GD&T symbol system is the standard

Types of Geometric Features

A form feature includes measurement

• A profile feature describes the form and

Orientation features describe how two

The location identifies where a

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING &

GD&T – Datum Feature & Symbol

Most drawings will have a number of datum features. To

GD&T – Datum Feature & Symbol

If the datum feature is a feature of size, the datum feature symbol

Feature Control Frames

• Divided into compartments which each

Feature Control Frames

Feature Control Frames

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